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- Oldest subsistence form for humans- viewed as a form of savage or uncivilized culture or lifestyle
- most HG groups didn't have a leaders- no cheif or headman- age usually only fom of difference between people
- Most HG societies were egalitarian- no rulers usually exsisted in this kind of society
- most HG systems did NOT use a market Society
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- 1651- Leviathan -with out a king, people will kill eachother- life would be "nasty, brutish and short"
- Hobbes claims that people are naturally greedy and selfish.
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- 1776- The Wealth of Nations Smith claimed that people are naturally competitive, greedy and selfish. "Homo Economicus"
- Smith Claimed that a fair market economy is needed to control human greed
- Hobbes claims that societies need a strong ruler
- Hunting and gathering societies did not usually have either of these
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"The Original Affluent Society" claims that westerners completely misunderstood hunting and gathering societies They are not more violent than our own society Economic society- complex system if distributing goods based on an ethos of sharing (noncompetition)
- Sharing and cooperation are key values in many HG societies
- argues that HG societies are affluent- nobody goes without!
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- are usually sedentary- small gardens used over and over
- Mostly grow food for their own use
- Swidden (slash and burn)- Yanomamo
- Trobrianders- both men and women plant seperate gardens
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- Horticultralists- both men and women plant seperate gardens
- women's gardens usually used to mee the everyday needs of the family
- Men- Yams
- to be given away in prestigious gift exchanges
- only exchanged between men
- Biggest yams given by man to cheif to support him
- man gives yam to brother-in-law for sign of approval
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- Raise herd animals
- In N. Africa and the Middle east (common)
- The Masai an the Nuer are both pastoralist groups
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- Growing a surplus of food
- Excess food supports larger population
- associated with cities
- a lot of social stratification occurs (class differences)
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- Has been accompanied by numerous negative reactions and social movements against it since the early 1800's
- The enclosures- Great Britain and other parts of W. Europe
- Land holders (elites) stop renting out land to peasants and used land for raising sheep
- Peasants now turn to cities to find work
- poverty, crime and prostitution increase because of industrialization
- because jobs available pay very little
- Agricultural work was seasonal- some periods people worked harder than others
- Time discipline- people in factories had to live their life "by the clock" not by natual cycles
- Resistanve to Industrialization
- 1848- The communist or Marxists- Karl Marx wrote "The Communist Manifesto"
- Marx urget factoy workers to unite
- Felt they should take control of the factories
- Claimed that industrialization was producing "alienation
- People being treated like machines/ objects rather than humans
- Had an influence on gender relations
- men are now more valued for their evonomic abilities
- Women are now viewed as child care takers
- economically devalued with industrialization
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- marx claimed that company profits were made at the expense of workers
- INDUSTRIALISM
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- Refusal of industrial capitalist values and lifestyle
- persuing the arts, music, lifestyle not focused on making of money
- Formation of Labor unions- called on workers to strike to improve conditions
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| Formation of Labor Unions |
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- called on workers to strike to improve conditions
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- England- resisted industrialization by burning down factories and destroying equipment
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