1.)

A. Reconnaissance/Surface Survey

B. Excavation

1.)

A. Reconnaissance

i. The means for locating and identifying archaeological sites. Sites may be fournd by direct observation or by remote sensors such as arieal or satellite photography.

B. Surface Survey

i. Records as much information about the site as possible without excavation.

1.)

A. Direct Observation

B. Remote Sensing

1.)

A. Many are identified by their prominence.

1.)

A. Recording the location of the sites discovered.

1.)

A. Planimetric Maps

B. Topographic maps

1)

A. Geographic Information Systems

i. Computerized technology for storage, analysis, and display of geographically referenced information.

B. Archaeologist can use GIS to store and use locational data.

1.)

A. Ariel Methods

B. Ground Methods.

1.)

A. Aerial Photography: Pictures from small planes.

i. Vertical Coverage: Straight down picture.

ii. Oblique Coverage: Angeled picture

B. Aerial Thermography: Infrared or heat radiation can be detected and recorded by thermal sensors.

Infrared: Detects reflected radiation from the sun.

Thermography: Detects heat emittied from the object.

C. SLAR: Side-looking airborne radar (Radar images).

i. oblique image of the ground surface capable of reading the landscape through dense vegetation.

D. Satellite Imagery: Uses infrared to and reflected light to record information.

E. Ground Penetrating Radar: Measures localized differences in how freely an electrical current passes between probes placed in the ground.

F. Magnetometer: an instrument that descerns minor variations in the magnetism present in many materials.

1.)

A. Augering: A subsurface detection technique using a drill run by either human or machine power to determine the depth and characteristics of archaeological or natural deposits.

B. Browsing: Thumping the earth's surface with a heavy bat or mallet, searching for discrepencies in seismic waves.

C. Shovel testing: Turning up artifacts near the surface with shallow probes that have a shovel attached to it.

1.)

A. Probabilistic Sampling: Choosing of sample units based on which ones will be statistically proven to be an accurate representation of the data population.

B. Nonprobabilistic Sampling is acquisition of sample data based on informal criteria or personal judgement. Not especially concerned with the representation of data population.

1.)

A. Surface Collections: The systematic gathering of exposed artifacts or ecofacts (one of two basic ground survey methods used in surface survey the other being mapping).

B. Example, an archaeologist concerned with the functional use of an area like a game trail, may collect arrowheads to support the functional thesis.

1.)

A. Law of superposition is used to identify which ground or artifacts were deposited first or last. The lowest layer is the oldest layer.

B. Stratigraphy is the archaeological evaluation of the temporal and depositional meaning of the observed strata. Takes into account the law of superposition and context.

1.)

A. It refers to the sequence of deposition.

1.)

A. Deals with the human treatment of the environment. (temporal/historical modification of the land by humans)

1.)

A. Field Notes

B. Photographs

C. Verbal/Graphic Illustrations

1.)

A. Penetrating Excavations

i. Principal objective is to reveal, in cross-section, the depth, sequence, and composition of archaeological remains.

B. Clearing Excavations

i. To reveal in plain view, both the horizontal extent and the arrangement of an archaeological deposit

1.)

A. A set of intersecting North-South, East-West lines normally marked by stakes, providing the basic reference system for recording horizontal provenience (coordinates) within a sight.

1.)

A. The base-point used as the main reference station in setting out a grid for recording archaeological excavations or field survey data. The horizontal position of the datum is usually determined in latitude and longitude and with reference to the local mapping grid. The vertical dimension is conventionally given as a height above sea level, often calculated from the national standard

1.)

A. Screening is used when the artifacts or ecofacts to be excavated are too small or plentiful. The matrix in its entirety is to be lifted and transported for screening. 

B. Floatation is used for organic material that is submerged in dirt and need to be separated.

1.)

A. Sectional Drawings

i. Document the stratigraphic sequence of matrices, features and associated artifacts/ecofacts encountered in an excavation.

(note: the walls of the excavation should be recorded)

B. Plan Drawings

i. used to record the horizontal relationships of features and associated artifacts or other materials.

1.)

A. Cleaning

B. Conservation/Repair

C. labeling

D. Inventory

E. Cataloging

1.)

A. Create order from apparent chaos by dividing a mass of undifferentiated data into groups.

B. Summarize the characteristics of many individual objects by listing only their shared attributes.

C. Define variability within a given set of data.

D. Suggest a series of relationships among classes.

1.)

A. Etic

i. refers to the perspective of the observer, the anthropologist who describes the culture being studied in reference to cultures worldwide.

Ex. Interpretation of the archaeological record

B. Emic

i. Refers to the perspective of the culture being studied, an internal, culture-specific point of view.

Emic = an insider's perspective
Etic = an outsider's perspective
As applied to maybe something like sports teams, an etic view of our emblems maybe that they are red and contain symbols of cats.  an emic perspective may be that the emblem is red to signify the blood we shed on the field and the cougar represents our fighting spirit.

1.)

A. Stylistic Attributes

i. involves the most obvious descriptive characteristics of an artifact-its' color, texture, decoration, secondary alterations, and other similar characterisitcs.

B. Form Attributes

i. Include the three dimensional shape of the artifact as a measurable dimensions such as length, width and thickness (metric attributes)

C. Technological Attributes

i.Include characteristics of the raw materials used to manufacture artifacts ("constituent attributes") and any characteristics that reflect the way the artifact was manufactured.

1.)

A. Taxonomic Approach

i. Pottery Typeology.

B. Paradigmatic Approach

i. Paradigmatic Classification: This is a form of classification that is conceptual and procedural.  It involves classifications according to style (stamped, incised, etc.), form (cup, bowl, etc.), and technology (coil formed, "pinch pot", slab formed, etc.)

1.)

A. Types are often used for behavioral reconstruction.

B. Certain artifact types are guided and adhere to certain cultural standards.

1.)

A. Cone-shaped, conchoidal fracture broken from a core.

B. Bulb of percussion

A. Direct Percussion

i. used by striking the core with a hammerstone or striking the core against an anvil.

B. Indirect Percussion

i. Place a punch between the core and a hammerstone and striking the punch.

C. Pressure Flaking

i. a technique for manufacturing chipped stone artifacts, in which flakes or blades are produced by applying pressure against a core with a punch usually made of wood or bone.

1.)

A. Debitage

i. The debris resulting from the manufacture of chipped stone artifacts that provides evidence for the reconstruction of ancient manufacturing behavior.

B. Biface

i.Biface: a name for a chipped stone tool that is approximately tear drop shaped that is made by chipping from both sides of a stone (hence the name biface)

C. Knapper

i. A producer of stone-chipped artifacts

D. Striking Platform

i. surface to be struck

E. Levallois Technique

i. Preshaping a core so that when struck it would turn into a predetermined shape.

F. Blade Production

1.)

A. Lithic technologies have largely given way to more sophisticated attribute analyses based on criteria selected as indicators either of manufacturing technology or of actual use.

1.)

A. Experimental Studies
(1) Replication of the steps in manufacturing a stone tool. This is an attempt
following a study of the debitage to proceed through the steps of reducing the original
raw material to the final stage of manufacturing, the tool being studied (see Fig. 10.5
of text).

33.)

A. the intentional use and control of fire by humans

34.)

A. General temperatures
B. Water boils at 100ºC (212ºF).
C. Most cooking at 90-150ºC
D. Bread bakes at 160ºC
Note * Average temperature of a campfire is 625ºC but in strong wind can reach 940ºC
E. Ceramics

35.)

A. Obtain Clay

B. Remove Impurities

C. Add tempering agent

D. Forming

E. Finishing

F. Firing

1.)

A. Stylistic

1.)

A. I would analyze and classify the pottery using form attributes such as bowl categories and jar categories.

B. I would then conduct lipid analysis to find out if the pottery was used for food purposes. If no direct evidence is available then empirical evidence must be implored based on the artifacts form.

1.)

A. Copper

B. Earliest traces of copper tools 8000 to 9500 years ago.

1.)

A. Metal alloys or "Bronze" has a lower melting point, cools into a harder metal capable of retaining a sharper, more durable edge.