Differs from classic anthropology due to time depth.

Methods important - once you dig it up its gone.

Reconstructions of ancient lifeways.

Sociolinguistics.

Dating by language.

Contact and Dispersion.

Extinct and extant languages.

Salvage anthropology.

Ethnography.

Ethnology.

Holism.

Methods (archeological).

Theories

Western vs. Non-Western societies

Individual vs. Group

Shared.

Learned.

Dynamic.

Distributed.

Symbolic.

Enculturation.

Oblique Inheritance.

Symbolism.

Observed Learning.

Practical Learning.

Verbal vs. Non-verbal.

Arbitrariness.

Cultural Conventions - Geertz and the wink.

Time Depth - historical perspective.

Spacial Variation.

Cross-cultural sharing (borrowing?) - food, clothes

Technology.

- Our Closest Relatives - how we became the way we are.

- Learning

- Tools

- Sharing

- Cooperation

- Marriage and Kin

Universalities.

Generalities.

Particularities.

Informed Consent

(Ethics_

Before people are a part of any research they have to give informed consent.

-Description and explanation of methods.

-Discussion of benefits and detriments.

- Exploitation

- Reciprocity - need to involve local research - home institutions

NAGPRA

Native American Grave Protection Repatriation Act

- When archaeologist finds remains the locals decide if it can be excavated.

1. Survey & Discovery

2. Excavation

3. Analyses - 1 hour in field = 3 hours in lab

4. Publication

Can the site be located?

Can it be seen on the landscape?

- Remote sensing

- Systematic Surveying

Is the site big enough?

has it been modified or destroyed? (looted?)

1. Artifacts

2. Ecofacts

3. Features

4. Fossils

Radiometric Techniques - Carbon 14 dating

Dendrochronology - Tree ring dating

Stratigraphy - sediment patterns, layers

Index Fossils - Paleontological Research

-The most fundamental and unifying force in the biological sciences - guides biological research.

-Controversial - religious contradictions

-Social and intellectual environment before Darwin?

- Carolus Linnaeus

-Georges Cuvier

-James Hutton

-Sir Charles Lyell

-Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Swedish Naturalist

-Binomial Nomenclature- a taxonomy system

-Leading opponent to Evolution

-Proposed "Catastrophism" - things die because of catastrophe- noah's flood

- Questioned Catastrophism

-Largely ignored until Lyell took notice of works

- Published "Principles of Geology" - built off Hutton

**Uniformitarianism - natural forces that occur today will continue to occur in the future.

- Discussed strata, fauna, and paleontology.

Charles Lyell - Uniformitarianism

Alfred Russel Wallace - Similar conclusions to darwin on evolutionism

Thomas Malthus - economist - published "Essay on the Principle of Population"

1. Animals have forms that are adapted to their environment.

2. Environments change, and so do animals

3. Speciation (finches)

4. "Natural Selection"

1. Differential Reproductive Success

2. There must be variation within pop.

3. Heritable traits - give or don't give advantage

- Dominance and Recession

- Homozygous (SS) vs. Heterozygous (Ss)

- Genotype vs. Phenotype

- Independent Assortment- color not related to round/wrinkle

- Recombination

-Crossing Over

Modern Evolutionary Genetics

("The Modern Synthesis")

-Microevolution vs. Macroevolution

-Punctuated Equilibrium

- Evolution and Natural Selection is random - nondirectional

Macro- takes a long time

Micro - fruit flies, evolve quickly

The general divisions of the human race:

Caucasian, Caucasoid, white, negroid, black, mongoloid, yellow.

-People united by blood or custom

-All humans descended from 1 pair (Adam & Eve)

- All one species

- Human species exhibit plasticity

- All humans descended from different pairs

- Humans could be broken into different species

- Based on variation in physical, mental, and moral attributes.

- Created Taxonomy of humans

-Four separate groupings - europeans on top and blacks on bottom

-Created 5 racial categories based on color and other traits

- Categories were fixed and unchanged

-Used craniometry and phrenology to correlate physiology with racial categories

Caucasoid = White

Mongoloid = yellow

Malay = Brown

Ethiopian = Black

American = Red

- Darwin's Cousin

- Argued that natural selection was not selecting out deficient people --- eugenics

- Refined anthropometry

- Appointed to committee on the Negro

- 1927 the committee endorsed study comparing AA infants to young apes

- Published Apes, Men, and Morons

Left a wealth of PhDs including:

- Paul BAker

-  Stanley Garn

-Sherwood Washburn

-William Howells

-Harry L. Shapiro

Meaning of the word is the action it produces

(Has to do with race?)

- Physiological Adjustment

-Not Genetic!

- Exhibits phenotypic plasticity

- Ex. increasing blood volume at high altitude

- Physiological Trait

- GENETIC

- Developed across generations

- Environment can affect expression

- Ex. Skin Color

LIMB

Protruding body parts (limbs) shorter in cooler regions and larger in hotter regions

- Surface area/ body mass

- For heat dispersal

BODY

- Body size and temperature

- Higher weights tend to be associated with regions with lower mean temperatures.

- Further away form equator = bigger the animals

SKIN

- Warmer climate = darker skin

- Melonine protects skin but makes it darker

-Genetic (Sort of)

- Regionally patterned

-Political (Some would argue)

-Evolutionary??

An in herited hemoglobin disorder that results from inheriting two copies of a mutant allele

- Autosomal recessive trait, meaning that the disease is only contracted when two copies are inherited

-Can still express certain traits even if there aren't two copies.

HbA - normal

HbS - causes sickling of hemoglobin molecule

- Has both HbS alleles

- Exhibits full manifestation of aspects - even with aggressive treatment the disease is fatal

- Malaria can't attach onto sickle cell

- Where malaria is present = more sickle cell

- Gives us connection between environment and gene frequencies in people

- Teeth

- Eye Socket

- Locomotion Adaptations

- Bipedalism

- Diet

- Social Learning

- Extended Infancy

= Humans

- Differentiates us from the Old World Monkey

NWM : Flat nosed (platyrrhine), nostrils far apart, open to side

OWM : Downfacing nose (catarrhine), nostrils are closer together and open downward or forward

NWM : 3, not 2 premolars, large molars, last molar smaller or absent

OWM : Two premolars, top premolar sectorial, sharpens upper kanine, molars have sharply connected cusps

NWM : Tympanic membrane connected to external ear by bony ring

OWM : Tympanic membrane connected to external ear by bony tube, is visible on outside of skull.

NWM : Some species have prehensite tails

OWM : All have tails, but lack prehensility feature, sitting pads supports animals while in trees

NWM : Thumb orientation lies in line with other digits, some fingernails on big tow

OWM : Thumbs rotated, opposable, fingernails and toenails on all digits

Apes & Humans

- a lot more OWM, except socially

Late Miocene

(5+ Million years ago)

- Climate was cooler, dryer, was predominantly rainforest

- Forests recede

-Savannah Grasslands expand

- Rift valley opens up - seperates common ancestors and chimps = speciation

- Foreman magnum moved central

- Opposable toe went away

- Pelvis broadened out - particularly women

- Femers lengthened and came into angle to help support pelvis

- Decrease in prognathicism

- Decrease in sagittal crest

- Increase cranial capacity

1. ceramics

2. LIthics

3. Faunal

4. Osteological Remains

Subsistence

(What can we learn from archaeology?)

- Middens

- Pot residue - what they ate

- Faunal Remains

Social Complexity

(What can we learn from archaeology?)

- Residue Patterns - need multiple sites

- Architecture - public/private buildings, ceremonial buildings

- Art

- Grave Goods - elite/lower status

Ritual and Religion

(What can we learn from archaeology?)

- ARchitecture - pyramids as graves

- Grave goods

- Art

- Ceremonial Items

Basic Technology

(What can we learn from archaeology?)

- Provenence STudies - chemical signatures - source materials

- Manufacture sites

- Middens

- Butchering Patterns

1. Large Cities

2. Monumental ARchitecture

3. Large labor force

4. Extended Trade Networks

5. Advanced writing system

6. Advanced mathematics, calendrics, astronomy

7. Social Inequality

8. Powerful Rulers

9. Craft Specialization

10. Superbly developed artistic tradition

1. How do we measure society in terms of complexity?

2. How do we explain shifts from less complex to more complex over time.

<Herbert Spencer>

1. Poverty associated with industrial revolution - gaining popularity

2. Thomas Malthus' view of population growth - struggle for survival

Herbert Spencer

*Social Darwinism*

- Progress =  perpetual adaptation to environment

- Biology and culture evolve together

- Culture evolves along single, unilineal path, up ladder

- Evolution has a 0 sum game, for one to survive another must die

- Evolution produces an uncrowded world full of very intelligent people (Contrary to malthus)

- Spencer's idea came to be known as social Darwinism

1. Finding a way to measure societies and compare

2. Explaining how a single society changes over time.

- Spencer - Degree of adaptation (Fitness), Morality

- Morgan - technology

- White - technology and energy

- Spencer - struggle for survival, enlightenment

- Morgan - mind's ability to invent new technologies

- White - individuals have little impact. Population pressure and environmental conditions

- Three Ethnical periods: savager>barbarism>civilization

- Civilization = phonetics and written alphabet

- Order : upper barbarians, middle barb., lower barb., upper savages, middle sav., lower sav.

- Parallel evolution vs. convergent evolution

- Historical Particularism

- Inductive methods involving fieldwork

- Boas dominant in American anthropology and archaeology in 1st half of 20th cent.

- Social context: Prosperity returns, science becomes king

- Search for laws

Leslie White

<New-evolutionist>

-"Science of Culture"

- Similarity to 19th century evolutionism: rationalize the growing privelage of middle class

- Differences: Individualism and human intellect no longer an explanation for change

- Culture Ecology

- Multilineal Evolution

- Yet unilineal evolution toward pristine states

- Put together boas and steward

- Ecology we have unique environment and unique historical circumstances - put all together

- Can measure using science

- 98% of human history

- Still practiced

- environmental factors:large game vs. small game, collecting, fishing, gender

- Domestication - plants & animals

- Shift to sedentary life

- increasing pop. density

- increase social complexity

- "Cultivation Continuum"

-Nonindustrial planting - woman power not horse power

- Uses simple tools (hoe, hand)

- Shifting cultivation - fallow practices, slash and burn, swidden, multicropping

- Supplementary - alongside hunting

- Livestock based society - sheep, goats, cattle

- Pastoral Nomadism - smaller travel seasonally

- Tranhumance - segment moves off, bigger

- communication

-Execution networks

- Trade

- Foreign investment

- Technology

- migration

- Capital Flow

- Economy

- Technology

- Socioculture

- Politics

- Biology

- Threat of development

- Clash between modernity and indigeneity

- Environment Contamination - toxic waste, superfund sites

- Environmental justice issues - hazardous working conditions, ag. workers and pesticides

- Rapid modernization (Westernization)

- Environmental contamination

- Technological innovation

-pharmaceutical testing

Postmodernity

(Science revolution)

- balkanization - cleavage in nation states

- technological discontent

-modern ethno and geno cide

- ripple effect

- Submit proposal to them to make sure its ethical

- Have to be open - present documents and explain yourself

- indiscriminate use of data and conclusions

- Access to privelaged materials and knowledge

- ownership of materials

- plagiarism

- personal relationships and responsibilities

1. prejudice

2. discrimination

3. stereotyping

4. genocide

5. ethnocide

6. cultural colonialism

Car dealer, furniture salesman

Each person trying to benefit better in relationship

-Transgendered male or female - native american society

- is a socially recognized rle

- berdache will remain selibut until need for people

- In India, two class - act as residual performers - drag queens

- Is considered good luck to have hijra perform at wedding

- castration stops masculinity traits

Refers to the institutionalization of heterosexuality in a society:

1. only 2 sexes

2. certain expectations and behaviors follow sex

3. Constructs binaries: gay/straigh, man/woman

Hermaphrodite

(intersexed_

-biological

- a social status assigned to persons having sex characteristics of both females and males

-Mental

- may feel themselves to be neither gender, to be both genders, or to be a gender other than what their sex would normally dictate

Transsexed

(sexual reassignment)