Tree Shrews

Lemurs

Lorises

Tarsiers

(Howler Monkeys, Spider Monkeys, Buffy Headed Marmoset, Golden Lion tamarins, Squirrel Monkey, White Throated Capuchin, Titi Monkey)

Baboons and Macaques

Colobuses and Langurs

Guenons and Mangabeys

Gibbons

Orangutans

Chimpanzees

Bonobos

Gorillas

Dian Fossey

went into the jungles of africa and began studying the mountain gorillas, she went crazy while out there (she would kidnap children of local people when gorillas got trapped in traps) , she worked to get attention on the fact that gorillas are endangered, did work for conservation, was murdered in her cabin.

Jane Goodall

Birute Gladikas- Brindamour

worked with orangutans, with their conservation, rehabilitation into the wild

lots of offspring at one time; born with high maturity level; decrease parental investment; shorter pregnancy periods (gestation); insects and fish

few offspring at one time; born immature; long maturation period; require a lot of parental investment; gestation length is long; (humans)    

Arboreal Hypothesis 

chewing

Sectorial P₃

first premolar behind the canine, has elongated shape, has a large cusp, found in non-human primates

·       Differences between the sexes of the same species, size shape and coloration

o   Primitive- do not look like monkey’s per say

o   Post-Orbital bar – sides of the eye have a border, they do not have a completely enclosed eye orbit like humans and other apes do

o   Dental comb – mandible incisors (lower jaw front teeth) are specialized for grooming and feeding, they project to the front of the mouth…not all prosimians have this but only prosimians have this

o   Grooming Claw – specialized digit that is used primarily for feeding

o   found only in Madagascar

o   Variable diet and social organization

o   primarily arboreal (living in the trees)

·       Lorises (Bush baby, slow Loris)(prosimian)

o   Found in Africa and Southern Asia

o   average under 4 pounds

o   Eat Insects and are Nocturnal

o   Same dental formula as new world monkeys

o   Keep very still

o   Use vocalization in a specific way, and can recognize each other. Use this more than sight and smell

·       Tarsiers (Tarsier) **Transitional between different suborders** (prosimian)

o   Found in the South Pacific Indonesia and Philippians

o   average 4 to 5 ounces

o   Nocturnal

·       Anthropoid Characteristics

o   More Primate

o   No Dental Comb and No Grooming Claw

o   Have an enclosed eye orbit due to Post Orbital Plate

o   Longer Gestation and Maturation Periods

·       (Howler Monkeys, Spider Monkeys, Buffy Headed Marmoset, Golden Lion tamarins, Squirrel Monkey, White Throated Capuchin, Titi Monkey)

Old World Monkeys 

(Savannah Baboons, Mandrill, Hanuman Langur, B/W Colobus, Proboscis monkey)

NWM Characteristics “Platyrrhines”

§  Found in Mexico, Central ,and South America

§  Smallest of the Monkeys besides the Prosimians

§  Dental Formula: 2.1.3.3. / 2.1.3.3.

§  Wider septum, and nostrils that face the side

§  Some have grasping tails, prehensile

§  Active during the day

Old World Monkeys 

(Savannah Baboons, Mandrill, Hanuman Langur, B/W Colobus, Proboscis monkey)

§  Africa and Southeast Asia

§  Lager than new world monkeys, but smaller than apes.

§  Large in Body and Brain

§  Narrower Septum and Nostrils that face forward

§  ischial callosities are a hardened area of skin on their posterior

§  No Prehensile tail

§  Dental formula: 2.1.2.3. / 2.1.2.3.

§  Gibbons and Siamang

§  “True Brachiators” – very efficient at swinging through the forest

§  Elongated fingers and reduced thumb

·       Sexually Dimorphic – Adult males generally twice the size of adult females

·       Spend a lot of time on the ground

·       Solitary

·       Arboreal

·       When traveling long distances they generally travel on the ground

·       Extremely Endangered

·       Sexually Dimorphic – males twice the size as females

·       Silverback is an adult male dominant of the tribe

·       The largest of the Apes

·       Males are slightly larger than females

·       modifying the environment for a particular purpose was first observed in the chimpanzees

·       Large groups…similar to chimpanzees

·       Eating is similar to chimps except no team hunting

·       Less aggressive than chimpanzees

·       Orgies

The study of the evolution of behavior which emphasizes the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection

·       the composition of the group, the size of the group

male/ multi female – one dominant male and multiple females. Unlike Polyandry, there truly is just one male.

many individuals making up a large social network

o   female/ multi male – one female who is in heat and many males

·       Influencing behaviors

·       the study of evolutionary behaviors that emphasizes genetic or biological factors.

o   Does natural selection act on behavior? Yes

§  Ex. Aggression and testosterone

o   Aggressive behavior, intelligence, gender, mother’s position

the field of study that deals with classifying organisms, trying to base on evolutionary relationships

describes a trait that is shared by two or more species based on decent from a common ancestor

similar trait resulting from a common adaptation; only remotely related

a process that leads to the development of analogies; independent development of similar traits in different species; can happen in either homology or Analogy