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| change in biological structure or lifeways by which it becomes better fitted to survive and reproduce |
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| anthropological linguistics |
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| study of language and its relation to culture; how words work, histories of language, structure of language, patterns of speech |
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| study of human beings, societies, and cultures; comparitive |
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| (subdiscipline of anthropology) focuses on the reconstruction of past cultures based on their material remains |
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| (subdiscipline of anthropology) studies people from a biological perspective, focusing on aspects of human kind that are genetically inherited |
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| moving seamlessly and appropriately between two different languages |
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| system of beliefs that deals with fundamental questions in the religious and social order |
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| language composed of elements of two or more different languages |
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| study of human thought, behavior, and lifeways that are learned rather than genetically inherited |
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| cultures should be analyzed with reference to their own histories and values rather than according to another culture |
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| learned behaviors and symbols that allow people to live in groups; means by which humans adapt to their environment; ways of life |
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spread of cultural elements from one culture to another |
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| capacity of all human languages to describe things not happening in the present |
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| culture with the greatest wealth and power in a society that consists of many subcultures |
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| examining societies using concepts, categories, and distinctions that are meaningful to members of that culture |
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| process of learning to be a member of a particular cultural group |
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| ethics should be analyzed with reference to their own values and morals rather than according to another culture's ethics |
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| judging other cultures from the perspective of one's own culture; one's own culture is better than others |
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| research tool of cultural anthropology; both fieldwokr among people in a society and the written results of such fieldwork |
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| attempt to find general principles or laws that govern cultural phenomena |
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| examining societies using concepts, categories, and rules derived from science; an outsider's perspective |
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| considers culture, history, language, and biology essential to a complete understanding of human society |
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| object or a way of thinking or behaving that is new because it is qualitatively different from existing forms |
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| religious ritual believed to produce a mechanical effect by supernatural means; when done correctly, it must have the desired effect |
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| shared ideas about the way things ought to be done; rules of behavior that reflect and enforce culture |
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| stories of historical events, heroes, gods, spirits, and creation that members of a religious tradition hold to be holy and true |
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| fieldwork technique that involves gathering cultural data by observing people's behavior and participating in their lives |
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| new developed language that combines features of each of the original ones, when societies of different spoken languages meet |
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| ability of a human individual or cultural groups to change their behavior with relative ease |
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| one who is formally elected, appointed, or hired to a full-time religious office |
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| social institution characterized by sacred stories, symbols, and symbolism; proposed existence of immeasurable beings, powers, states, places, and qualities |
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| ritual structured to reinforce the values and norms of a community and to strengthen group identity |
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| ritual that moves an individual from one social status to another |
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| ceremonial act or a repeated stylized gesture used for specific occasions involving the use of religious symbols |
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| perceptions and understandings of time, space, and matter are conditioned by the structure of language |
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| individual socially recognized as being able to mediate between the world of humanity and the world of gods or spirits but who is not recognized as under an official religion |
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| group of people who depend on one another for survival or well-being as well as relationships among people, including their statues and roles |
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| study of the relationship between language and culture and the ways language is used in varying social contexts |
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| group within a society that shares norms and values significantly different from those of the dominant culture |
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| something that stands for something else, central to language and culture |
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| merging of elements of two or more religious traditions to produce a new religion |
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| shared ideas about what is true, right, and beautiful |
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| 6 characteristics shared by all cultures |
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Definition
1. made up of learned behaviors via enculturation
2. involve classification system and symbols to create meaning
3. patterened and integrated
4. shared
5. adaptive and include information about how to survive
6. subject to change |
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| 4 subfields of anthropology |
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Definition
1. cultural anthropology
2. archaeology
3. anthropological linguistics
4. biological/physical anthropology |
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| cultural relativism vs. ethical relativism |
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Definition
study and learn from other cultures
free to think for oneself; no universal moral standard |
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| cultural relativism vs. ethical relativism |
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Definition
study and learn from other cultures
free to think for oneself; no universal moral standard |
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Term
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Definition
provide an account of a particular group of people; both the method of research and the written product of research.
may generalize from a limited time experience or contact with a small number of people; cannot experience everything or every perspective
subjective of data
ethical dilemma |
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Term
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Definition
provide an account of a particular group of people; both the method of research and the written product of research.
explain cultural similarities and differences, build theories about how social and cultural systems work |
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| ethical responsibilities in the field |
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Definition
| ethics and obligations to everyone and everything NOT to research or knowledge |
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| human biological adaptation; part of evolutionary success of our species |
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| how language reflects both biology and culture |
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Definition
hard-wired to acquire language by human instinct; activated within a society (when socialized)
no biological basis; help develop cognitive ability |
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| relationship between language and power |
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language use is shaped by power; convey information about individual and group identities
"power speak language, everyone else speak dialect" |
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| why there is a decrease in number of languages |
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Definition
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| 5 characteristics of religion |
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Definition
1. composed of sacred stories
2. use symbols and symbolism
3. propose existence of beings; powers, places, etc. that are not empirically provable (supernatural)
4. include rituals and means of addressing the supernatural
5. have experts in ritual and communicating with supernatural |
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Definition
search for order and meaning
reduce anxiety and increase control
reinforce or challenge the social order |
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