1.) sociocultural    

2.) archaeological  

3.) biological        

4.) linguistic        

study of human society and culture, sub-field that describes, analyses, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences

- research is conducted through ethnography and ethnology

- research tends to focus on poor and powerless groups of people and how national plans work at the local level

reconstructs describes and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains

- research is done through paleoecology: looks at ecosystems of the past and transformations in culture

- research also done through excavating to reconstruct behavior patterns and lifestyles of the past

1.) human evolution is revealed by the fossil record (paleoanthropology)

2.) human genetics                           

3.) human growth and development    

4.) human biological plasticity (body's ability to adapt)

5.) primatology: the biology, evolution, behavior, and social life of apes, monkeys and other non-human primates

studies language in its social and cultural context across space and over time

- research done through historical patterns and through sociolinguistics

Anthropology Subfields:

1. cultural

2. archaeological

3. biological

4. linguistic

examples of application of each:

1. development anthropology

2. cultural resource management

3. forensic anthropology

4. study of linguistic diversity in classrooms

embodies the beliefs, learned behavior patterns, values and institutionsthat are shared by citizens of the same nation

ex: in U.S. shaking hands when meeting someone for first time

extends beyond and across national boundaries

ex: having flags, sports like soccer

- different symbol based patterns and traditions associated with different groups in the same complex society

ex: the Amish

- patterned along region, religion, social class, and ethnic lines

- upper class marriage between cousins is more common bc they try to keep wealth in the family..ewww

- local culture: festivals, foods, historical patterns

- tendency to view ones own culture as superior and to apply ones own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures

- is universal

- helps foster unity, social stability, group identity

- in extremes leads to tragic consequences such as forcing one culture on another

- the viewpoint that behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture 

- in its extreme this implies that there can be no morals (stopping genocide)

1.) universal- found in every culture       

2.) generalities- found in many but notall   3.)particularities- unique to                       certain groups                                                              

Diffusion

Acculturation

Independent Invention

borrowing of traits between cultures

1. direct- when two cultures trade with, intermarry among, or war with one another

2. forced- when one culture imposes its customs on a dominated group

3. indirect- when items and traits move from group A to group C via group B without A and C having contact

Core

Semi-periphery

Periphery

Britians population increased dramatically and couldn't meet consumption needs..spurred innovation

Britian was rich in coal and iron ore and had navigible water ways and easy negotiated coasts..located in the cross roads of international trade

owners of factories, mines, large farms and other means of production

- controlled school systems to protect their interests: school was to teach bourgeoisie to accept how things were: 8 political institutions

linked old world to new world...has 4 D's

Diet=what was traded

Disease=95% decrease in population bc of the diseases the animals spread

Demographics= Europeans and Native Americans, Africans

Dollars= sugarcane and tobacco lead to transatlantic slave trade which lead to CAPITOLISM (goods produced to generate a profit)

-viewed humamn history as a history of class conflict

- he was critical of religion 

-saw socioeconomic stratification as a sharp and simple division between two opposed classes: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat

- CLASS CONSCIENCE: he believed that ppl would revolt and create "UTOPIA" where there was only one class 

1.) full employment of the nations workersis best way for the economy to grow

2.) Labor Unions are essential to protect worker interests

3.) governement should interfere when necessary to protect workers

- defined 3 dimentions of social stratification: wealth, power (ones way to define reality), and presitge which he saw as correlated with eachother

- the variables do not always go hand in hand...truck driver makes more money than professor but professor has more prestige

 - ethnicity takes priority over socioeconomic status

-class conflicts tend to occur within nations and prevent class solidarity especially with prolitarians

the study of interaction between European nations and the societies they colonized after 1800; second half the the 20th century in general..the period succeeding colonialism

- this term may be used to signify a position against imperialismand Eurocentrism

current form of the classic economic liberalism laid out in Adam Smith's comunist manifesto

- free economy from the gov't

- Adam Smith: revival of 3 principals of classic capitalism: Laissez Faire economics (no gov't) : Private ownership of industry : Pursuit of maximum profit 

- "Greed is Good"

- this was dominant from 1930's to 1980's

- NAFTA= north american free trade agreement

- emphasis on foreign investment

- reduction of costs of manufacture:lower wages, decrease size of workforce (do more with less), outsource jobs

- reduction of taxes on businesses

- no less than a year

- live among those being studied and try to speak their language, eat their food etc.

- 1st hand point of view

- eliminate bias toward your society

- better than survey bc see how ppl live

- develop credibility

- VERY DETAILED and descriptive

- people like to read about "real" studies

- time consuming

- rejection

- researcher bias/ interpretation

- funds for research are hard to obtain

- preparation is lengthy

- HIGHLY subjective

- researchers tend to focus on what interests them personally

- culture changes over time

tendency for people to reguard aspects of  culture as fixed, rigid

- in reality need to consider...need to consider history and circumstances that lead to the beliefs and actions

- insects are NOT food

- strong court system

- marriage based on love

- require an invite to hangout

- college is 4 years long

-from Germany

-grew up in early to mid 80's

- saw and grew up with his views

everyone else

- 1st and 2nd worlds competed for political and economical influences

state run economy; people work for "common good"

- "FROM EACH (according to ability) TO EACH(according to need)"

-1917

1.) Authoritarian- obediance; individual freedom suppressed

2.) Totalitarian- one party state; no political freedom (everyone is communist)

3.) Intentional Movement- communism promoted international brotherhoodfor all communists (protection and safety)

It is most important now because culture is transmitted through learning and therefore are spread through diffusion.

Diffusion, migration, colonialism, and globalization have allowed more and more cultural traits and patterns to join the international level.

-international commerce and finance

- travel and tourism

- transnational migration

- the media

- various high tech information flows

- PHASES: both had 2

- EXPANSION: both had substantial business interest in their colonies as well as desiring "glory and prestige"

-TERRITORY: faught over Canada, Louisiana Territory, some caribbean islands, and parts of India... Britian won

- THE RULE: they each developed their own rule that allowed them to implant their culture, language, and religion throughout their colonies (Britian had "the white man's burden and the French had "mission civilisatrice")

- WWII: after world war two, both empires began to disintegrate

-EXPANSION: great britian was motivated to grow by profit and the french were motivated by state, church, and armed forces

- COLONIAL RULE: french used two forms of colonial rule: indirect rule- governing through native leaders and establishing political structures; and direct rule- french officials in many areas of Africa

 - LAND: "The sun never sets on the British Empire" it had 1/5 of lands surface and 1/4 of the population

settler countries- larger numbers of eurpoean colonies and fewer native populations (Australia and Canada)

nonsettler countries- had substantial native populations and fewer Europeans- india, pakistan, bangladash, sri lanka, malaysia, indonesia, etc

mixed countries- had significant european settlement and significant native populations- south africa, zimbabwe, Kenya, Algeria