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Definition
| artifact forms that research shows to be diagnostic of a particular period of time |
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| the establishment of the date of an archaeological site or level by comparing its distinctive traits with those of another site or level of known date that is assumed to be of similar age |
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| the date after which a stratum or feature must have been deposited of created |
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| the date before which a stratum or feature must have been deposited or created |
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| using clay tobacco pipes to create a chronology for Jamestown. can estimate age of the site from size of the pipe stem holes mathematically. as time goes by the pipe stems become smaller and smaller |
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| a statistical technique for combining the median age of manufacture for temporally significant pottery types to estimate the average age of a feature or site. assumes that the ceramic types are roughly contemporary at all sites where they occur and the mid-range date of the manufacturing time period approximates the model date of popularity |
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| tree ring dating- the use of annual growth rings in trees to assign calendar ages to ancient wood samples |
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| uses tree ring dating to give southwester archaeology a reliable year by year dating tool. douglas uses ancient beams from pueblo sites to build of a floating chronology that eventually linked to modern tree chronology, which gave SW archaeology a reliable year by year dating tool. |
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| a tree ring history whose beginning and end dates are not known; it can be anchored by cross matching a section against another chronology. douglas uses ancient beams from pueblo sites to build of a floating chronology that eventually linked to modern tree chronology, which gave SW archaeology a reliable year by year dating tool. |
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Definition
| important trees because they have a fully anchored chronology that extended back 8500 years. used for dendochronology due to their extreme longevity |
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Definition
| measuring the decay of carbon isotopes in an artifact to determine the age of the artifact |
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Definition
| the time required for half the carbon 14 isotope available in an organic sample to decay |
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| accelerator mass spectrometery (AMS) |
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Definition
| a method of radiocarbon dating that counts the proportions of carbon isotopes directly, thereby dramatically reducing the quantity of datable material required |
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| the so-called cloth where christ's crucified body was wrapped. radiocarbon dating would have destroyed the shroud, but AMS shows that the shroud was from medieval times and thus long after the death of Jesus. |
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Definition
| a high precision method for estimating the relative quantities of of argon gas isotopes; used to date volcanic ashes that are between 500000 and several million years old |
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| Homo Erectus dating issue |
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Definition
| potassium argon dating was primarily used, and te homo erectus skull tested should have been younger according to incorrect prior beliefs. the test result only showed that the skull was at least a million years old, and much older than what they had expected. The potassiumhas cumbersome procedures and require large samples that increase the likelihood of contamination and error. argon argon dating simplified the lab process and used smaller samples, and the data was the same. |
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Definition
| forms of dating that rely on the fact that electrons become trapped in minerals' crystal lattices as a function of background radiation. The age of the specimen is the total radiation received divided by the annual dose of radiation |
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Definition
| trapped charge dating technique used on ceramics and burned stone artifacts |
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Term
| Optical Stimulated Luminesence- Electron spin Resonance |
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Definition
| a trapped charge dating technique used to date sedimetns: tree age is the same elapsed between the last time a few moment's exposure to sunligght set the clock to zero and the present |
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| a site's physical structure produced by the deposition of geological and/or cultural sediments into layers (strata) |
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Definition
| formulates the law of superposition |
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Definition
| o began supervising the surveying of the Somerset Coal Canal near Bath. While engaged in this project, Smith noted the regular succession of the rock strata. He determined in greater precision than previously noted the succession of English strata across the entire country, and his observation that the fossils found at deeper layers differed dramatically from those found at shallow layers gave early indications of the evolutionary process. Smith was also the first to create geological maps, beginning in 1799. In developing a type of map showing outcrops in block, he established a standard for geological cartography that lasted until the 1900's. |
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| Law of Superposition/Stratigraphy/"index fossils" |
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Definition
| the geological principle that in any pile of sedimentary rocks that have not ben disturbed, each bed is older than the layers above and younger than the layers below |
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Definition
o Evidence of the aw of superposition
• Volcanic ash -> rain moistened it-> solidifies, capturing footprints
o Human footprints preserved!
o In order to find out age of footprints, law of superposition used
o Absolute dating tech confirms stratigraphic predictions |
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Definition
o Evidences of living floors, where human ancestors had lived
o Distribution of artifacts within the site is essentially meaningless because it reflets river action, rather than patterns of human activity.
o But Still useful for making comparisons between the artifact assemblage as a whole and those from other strata or other sites.
o Not a pristine living floor
Overall important in showing that sites are rarely perfect |
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Term
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Definition
| the upper part of the soil, where active organic and mechanical decomposition of geological and organic material occurs |
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Definition
| layer of soil found under the A horizon, where clays accumulate that are transported downwards by water |
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Definition
| a layer found below the B horizon, that consists of the unaltered of slightly altered parent material, below the horizon is bedrock |
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Definition
| an easily identified geologic layer whose age has been independently confirmed at numerous locations and whose presence can therefore by used to date archaeological and geological sediments. |
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Definition
| a volcano erupted, spreading out ash over a huge area of land, creating a geological layer that can be sued as a marker bed.Dates 6900 years old |
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Definition
| the result when sediemnt is unearthed by human or natural actions and moved elsewhere in such a way that the latest material is deposited on the bottom of the new sediment and progressively earlier material is deposited higher and higher in the stratigraphy |
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Definition
| excavated by Florence Hawley ellis. strata found here were layers of trash deliberately hauled in for construction purposes and used their own trash mound. This meant that when constructing a new mound, the most recent trash, at the top, was used first and then a little older and a little older and so on until the stratigraphy was essentially upside down |
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| Sir Mortimer Wheeler- Dating |
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Definition
| In excavating south india, found evidence of roman artifacts in the form of pottery and coins. this not only helped to document roman trade with india at that time, but it was also helpful because datable Roman material might be found together with Indian artifacts of unknown age. the coins in particular allowed layers of stratigraphy within the site to be dated correctly |
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| Sit Mortimer Wheeler- Stratigraphic area excavation |
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Definition
| developed the box-gid system |
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Definition
| requires dividing the excavation area into a grid and digging in small squares. The vital part of this system is making sure that each excavation square is separated by a narrow strip of ground called baulk. Keeping this strip of ground allows the vertical strata of each excavation square to be revealed and used as archaeological information. |
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Definition
| -a relative dating method that orders artifacts based on the assumption that one cultural style slowly replaces an earlier style over tie; with a master seriation diagram, sites can be dated based on their frequencies of several artifact styles |
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| popularity seriation (battle shaped curves) |
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Definition
| by arranging the proportions of temporal types into lozenge shaped curves, one can determine a relative chronological sequence |
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| Gravestone Studies/James Deetz |
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Definition
| studying gravestone markers, observed a slow shift from pagan to Christian gravestones, reflecting attitudes about religion and death |
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Definition
| an artifacts location relative to a system of spatial data collection |
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Definition
- Folsom Site
o Cowboy finds bison bones etc etc.
o Also townspeople find spearpoints, but lack context, so unsure of whether spear points were with bones or just there by chance
o Later find spear point with bones, confirmation that association between extinct fauna and human artifacts, people had been in America since at least the end of the Pleistocene , some 10000 years ago
IMPORTANCE OF CONTEXT AND SCIENTIFIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL METHODS |
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Definition
o Excavated by Lewellyn Loud and Mark Harrington
o Basket of duck decoys buried under a pit
o Perfectly preserved, usable today
o Dated about 2000 years ago
NATURAL PROCESSES PERFECTLY PRESERVED. CONTEXT PRESERVED |
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- Ozette
o Major beachside village
o Saturated dirt and clay from mudslide preserved entire houses complete with furnishings and gear
AS A RESULT CONTEXT IS ALSO PRESERVED |
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Definition
| the zero point, a field reference used to keep control over the location of artifacts, features etc. in a dig. Usually controls both the vertical and horizontal dimensions of provenience |
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Definition
| a small initial excavation to determine a site's potential for answering a research question |
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Definition
| the vertical subdivision of an excavation square that is based on natural breaks in the sediments (in terms of color, grain size, texture, hardness or other characteristics) |
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Definition
| the basic vertical subdivision of an excavation square; used only when easily recognizable "natural" strata are lacking or are more than 10 cm thick |
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Term
| proton precession magnetometer |
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Definition
| a remote sensing technique that measures the strength of magnetism between the earth's magnetic core and a sensor controlled by the archaeologist. magnetic anomalies, variations in the earth's magnetic field can indicate the presence of buried or features. at sea it can locate wrecked ships. |
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Definition
| a remote sensing technique that monitors the electrical resistance of soils in a restricted volume near the surface of an archaeological site; changes in the amount of resistance registered by the resistivity meter can indicate buried walls or features. Since rock doesn't pass electrical current as well as soil does, measuring levels of resistivity can identify subsurface features like buried foundation walls. |
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| Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) |
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Definition
| a remote sensing technique in which radar pulses directed into the ground reflect back to the surface when they strike features or interfaces within the ground, showing the presence and depth of possible buried features. the travel time of the reflected signal indicates the depth. The disadvantage is that is is severly limited by less than ideal environmental conditions. |
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Definition
| the region that contains the statistical population that will be sampled. Its size and shape are determined by the research question and practical considerations |
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Definition
| survey units of a standard size and shape, determined by the research question and practical considerations, used to obtain the sample |
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Definition
| the percentage of the sample universe that is surveyed. areas with a lot of variability in archaeological remains require larger sample fractions than do areas with low variability. |
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Term
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Definition
| a random sample is a sample drawn from a statistical population such that every member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample- done by generating a list of random coordinates and excavating units at those coordinates- can provide uneven coverage or concentrate units in areas away from surface finds |
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Term
| Global Positioning System (GPS) |
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Definition
| handheld devices that use triangulation from radio waves received from satellites to determin your current position in terms of either the UTM grid or latitude and longitude. used to plot survey transects and arcaheological sites/features- a cost effective way to produc accurate site maps. |
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Term
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Definition
Archaeological interpretations of the Chaco road system are divided between an economic purpose and a symbolic, ideological role linked to ancestral Puebloan beliefs.
economic:
facilitating the easy trade/transport of goods. long distance commercial relations Chaco had with other regions. A further suggestion is that the widespread use of timber in Chacoan constructions--a resource not locally available--needed a large and easy transportation system.
symbolic beliefs: Other archaeologists think instead that the main purpose of the road system was a religious one, providing pathways for periodic pilgrimages and facilitating regional gatherings for seasonal ceremonies. Furthermore, considering that some of these roads seem to go nowhere, experts suggest that they can be linked--especially the Great North Road--to astronomical observations, solstice marking, and agricultural cycles. |
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Term
| chaco canyon "Great Houses" |
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Definition
| mmense complexes known as "Great Houses" embodied worship at Chaco. The Chacoans used masonry techniques unique for their time, and their building constructions lasted decades and even centuries.. Numerous buildings and interbuilding alignments of the great houses of Chaco Canyon and outlying areas are oriented to the same solar and lunar directions that are marked at the Sun Dagger site. |
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| astro-archaeology (Chaco) |
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Definition
| the study of how people in the past "have understood the phenomena in the sky, how they used phenomena in the sky, and what role the sky played in their cultures., Much of Chaco canyon is built in conjunction with important solar and lunar directions. also the presence of the sun dagger, where explicit light markings that record all the key events of both the solar and lunar cycles: summer solstice, winter solstice, equinox, and the major and minor lunar standstills of the moon’s 18.6 year cycle |
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Definition
| hunter-gatherer's pattern of movement between different places on the landscape, timed to the seasonal availability of food and other resources |
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Definition
| Before survey and excavations conducted at Alta Toquima by Dr. Thomas and his team, many archaeologists believed that early American hunters avoided high altitude environments as too harsh and barren to sustain life. However, mountains were used intermittently by small groups of hunters who seasonally exploited mountain sheep. These new large, long-term settlements at Alta Toquima represented a major shift in how ancient Americans used mountain resources, and illustrate how archaeological research continues to teach us about the past. |
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Definition
| the distribution of archaeological sites across a region. involves investigations which examine regions or areas, rather than sites. most associated with the understanding of how a particular society used the available resources in its region. |
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Definition
| See Offa's Dyke, "the Personality of Britain" |
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Term
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Definition
| s a massive linear earthwork, roughly followed by some of the current border between England and Wales. used to be a border between two kingdoms. Fox interpreted the Dyke as the product of a negotiated agreement between Mercia and the Welsh Kingdoms |
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| "The Personality of Britain" |
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Definition
| book written by Cyril fox about the topography of England with regard to its colonization.pays attention to the geographical influences in the evolution and characteristics of different cultures, the role of the sea, physical topographya and flora and fauna in relation to socio-economic and political aspects of the land. |
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| Gordon R. Willey/Viru valley Project |
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Definition
| conducted the first archaeological settlement pattern study in Peru's Viru Valley- marks the beginning of landscape arcaheology. Willey was attempting to put to work ideas about identifying not just archaeological sites, but how sites fit into the context of a physical landscape, available resources, and other sites in the region |
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| Agriculture protected the archaeological treasure and preserved an unparalleled resource for the study of Early America. St. Mary's City offers a rare opportunity for researchers to coax information about the Maryland colony and people's lives from a priceless archaeological record |
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Definition
| Analyzed the layout of St. Mary's citym, and foudn it to be an example of baroque planning, rather than an unorganized layout. shows that "tidewater towns" were unplanned and unsophisticated, and that such cities were meant to be centers of political power, rather than centers of commerce. |
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Definition
| Emphasized power through high points and triangles; was one of the first examples of separation of church and state (equal but separate) |
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Definition
| Most recently, Erickson investigated pre-Columbian cultural landscape in the wetlands, forests, and savannas of the Amazon region of Bolivia (raised fields, ring ditches, fish weirs, causeways, and canals). Anthropogenic environments (altered by humans) → raised fields in Amazon basin (a manmade feature of pulled up stone and dirt to keep crops from being destroyed by floods). Eye towrds reintroduing selected aspects of agricultural technologies. Shows how ancient methods can have modern applications. |
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Definition
| Manmade features that Erickson was uncovering (Bolivian lowlands archaeology; pulled up dirt and stone to make a higher elevation to avoid damage from floods; Huge human-produced landscape → islands connected to the raised fields by prehistoric causeways |
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Definition
| Extinction of megafauna (giant animals) in North & South America and Australia. Why not in Europe and Africa? → They had existed in Europe and Africa for hundreds of thousands of years whereas in Australia and the Americas people appeared suddenly and in great force and hunted and killed the animals |
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Term
| Silver Reef (mining town and region) |
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Definition
| Ghost town in Utah; adobe buildings; specialized silver community; easy to dig (sandstone); Impact of human beings: Built huge mounts of debris, which affected the water flow and surrounding environment; also mixed mercury with the ore to extract the silver and then flushed the waste product into the environment |
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Definition
| the systematic arranging of material culture into types, according to physical characteristics. helps to manage a large mass of archaeological data |
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Definition
| a descriptive and abstract grouping of individual artifacts whose focus is on overall similarity rather than function or chronological significance |
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Definition
| a morphological type that has temporal significance aka a time marker or an index fossil |
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Definition
| a class of artifacts that performed the same function; these may or may not be temporal and/or morphological types |
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Definition
| an individual characteristic that distinguishes some artifact from another on the basis of its size, surface texture, form, material, method of manufacture, or design pattern |
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Term
| Gatecliff Projectile Point Typology |
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Definition
400 speciments; 25 types
o Material not important
o Weight, size, notching (side,base, corner), Proximal Shoulder Angle
o Time Markers – 10 examples based on stratigraphy and 47 C-14 dates (3500 BC to 1300 AD+) = 5000 – 7000 years
o Elko Corner Notched (3500-1500 BP): Arrowhead
o Cottonwood Triangular AD 1300: Arrowhead
If you know the date of an artifact it allows you to date the surrounding site |
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Term
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Definition
| a process whereby the flintknapping properties of stone tool raw material are improved by subjecting the material to heat |
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Definition
| the ideas and values that govern the creation of artifacts. Also called "mental templates" or "cognitive maps" or "cognitive frameworks," these structures are not beyond archaeological inference. Recognition of Mentefacts allows archaeologists to explore nonmaterial aspects of culture through analysis of the material manifestations of cultural needs and beliefs. INFERENCE; “in the mind of the maker” |
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Definition
| debate on types; Ford: Invented by the archaeologist, arbitrary, imposed on the date; Spaulding: Discovered by the archaeologist, inherent in the data, use of statistical approach to attributes to define types |
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Definition
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Term
| Frontier Pattern v. Carolinian Pattern |
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Definition
Shows the different needs of the Carolinian pattern (more city oriented) vs the frontier pattern (more wild so they needed more arms for protection or grew more tobacco because they had more agricultural land)
More tobacco on the frontier because more men were on the frontier and they’re the ones who smoked it
This is the same as Stanley South → Pattern recognition in historical archaeology/patterns based on types |
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Term
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Definition
| a geographic region and time sequence (age area) is characterized by substantially uniform environment and culture |
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Definition
| A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past |
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Definition
| a length of time distinguished by particular items of material culture, such as house form, pottery of subsistence |
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Definition
| an archaeological construct possessing traits sufficiently characteristic to distinguish it from other units similarly conceived; spatially limited to roughly a locality or region and chronologically limited to the briefest interval of time possible |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of artifacts of one or several classes of materials (stone tools, ceramics, bones) that comes from a defined context, such as a site feature, or stratum |
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Definition
| n archaeological construct consisting of a stratum or set of strata that are presumed to be culturally homogenous. A set of components from various sites in a region will make up a phase |
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Definition
| An anthropological practice using reasoning based on the assumption that if two things are similar in some respects, then they must be similar in other respects. Ethnographic information from recent cultures is then used to make informed hypotheses about archaeological cultures and to compare societies and culture traits of recorded societies with those of prehistoric sites. Analogy is the basis of most archaeological interpretation |
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Term
| direct historical (relational) analogies |
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Definition
| analogies justified on the basis of close cultural continuity between the archaeological and ethnographic cases or similarity in general cultural form. metate and mano example. |
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Term
| general ethnographic (formal) analogies |
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Definition
| any analogy justified by the similarities in the formal attributes of archaeological and ethnographic objects and features |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of how organisms become part of the fossil record; in archaeology it primarily refers to the study of how natural processes produce patterning in archaeological data. |
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Term
| Hudson-Meng Bison Bonebed |
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Definition
| a fossil site that contains the 10,000-year-old remains of up to 600 bison. Was it a bison kill site or did the bison die of other causes? Found that the spear points were simply dropped there over time and that the bison died of other causes. |
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Definition
| developed by Charles Lyell, builds off of Steno's law of superposition. States that the only way to understand the past was to assume that earth modifying processes that occur today also occurred in the past. Implies that cultural material buried under deep layers of earth much bave been deposited there long ago- thus older cultural occupations will be buried by younger ones. |
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Definition
| experiments designed to determine the archaeological correlates of ancient behavior, may overlap with ethnoarchaeology or taphonomy. It replicates or attempts to replicate past processes to understand how the deposits came about. |
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Term
| Ishi-Dr. Saxton Pope-Alfred Kroeber |
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Definition
| IDr. Pope experiments with archery methods, being taught by Ishi, a young starving Indian who was rescued from jail by Kroeber. Ishi taught Pope and his colleagues many survival skills and Ishi learned about their culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| dedicated his life to the study of flint napping. Spent a long time trying to recreate the clovis point. Manufactured the chest crutch which succesfully recreated folsom points and his research released an avalanche of experimentation in the fluting problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| microwear is minute, often microscopic, evidence of use damage on the surface and working edge of a flake or artifact; can include striations, pitting, microflaking, and polish. modern microwear analysis usually depends on the comparisons of the edge wear of modern experimentally produced samples with archaeological and/or ethnographic tools. The overall purpose is to provide an accurate, and precise, analytical instrument for the identification of stone tool function |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of contemporary peoples to determine how human behavior is translated into the archaeological record |
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Definition
| In 1969 he decided to undertake ethnographic fieldwork among the Nunamiut in Alaska, in order to better understand the periglacial environment that Mousterian hominins occupied, and to see first hand how hunter-gatherer behavior is reflected in material remains.[17] This methodology—conducting ethnographic fieldwork to establish firm correlations between behavior and material culture—is known as ethnoarchaeology and is credited to Binford. |
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Term
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Definition
Hunter-gatherers + horticulture/fishing
- o Slash-and burn agriculture
- o Malagasy speakers
o •Malayo-Polynesian Migrations (Malagasy originally from Borneo)
- o Killed off the Madagascar Mega Fauna
- o Brought domesticated animals and plants
- • Four Mikea Settlements
o o Permanent villages (ca. 1000) – manioc, corn, cattle, pigs, chickens
o o Four hamlets (ca. 40/3-4 years) – slash and burn corn
o o Seasonal hamlets – growing season only
o o Forest foraging camps – few families, a few weeks, collect honey and hedgehogs
- • Mikea Camps
o o Perishable living areas |
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Term
| slash and burn agriculture |
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Definition
| a horticultural method used frequently in the tropics wherein a section of forest is cut, dried, and then burned, thus returning nutrents to the ground. this permits a plot of land to be farmed for a limited number of yeras |
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Term
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Definition
Explored by Charles Kidder. and gathered a detailed record of cultural artifacts, including a large collection of pottery fragments and human remains. From these items, he was able to establish a continuous record of pottery styles from 2000 years ago to the mid- to late-1800s. Kidder then analyzed trends and changes in pottery styles in association with changes in the Pecos people's culture and developed a basic chronology for the Southwest.
A new archeology. Kidder asserted that deductions about the development of human culture could be obtained through a systematic examination of stratigraphy and chronology in archeological sites. This research laid the foundation for modern archeological field method |
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Term
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Definition
| in order to record the postition of artifacts removed from context, archaeologists establish a grid system over a site. A grid allows archaeologists to reconstruct the location of the artifacts on a map, or plan view, of the site |
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Term
| "Method and Theory in American Archaeology" |
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Definition
| Published by Gordon R. Willey and Phillip Phillips. little interpretation had taken place in American archaeology, and their book offered an analytical perspective; the methods they described and the structural framework they used for synthesizing American prehistory were all geared toward interpretation. Method and Theory served as the catalyst and primary reader on the topic for over a decade. |
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Term
| Bordes-binford Debate (Mousterian) |
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Definition
| Mousteria was a site with stone tools. Bordes argued that each group of Neandertals were defined by the type of tools they used. Binford claimed that they used specific tools based on their activities |
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Definition
| Binford lived with these Eskimos (ethnoarchaeology) because they lived in Alaska, which was a similar environment to France at the time of the Mousteria site. Trying to prove his point about the tools. |
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Term
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Definition
| example of analogy; by using analogy you are able to parallel the settlement pattenr of the Mikea people → moving from more permanent settlements to less permanent ones |
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Term
| Why the temporal dimension is the most important first step |
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Definition
Helps establish a chronology; without a chronology we would not be able to date things. “Culture history” approach has outlined human prehistory and historic periods for most areas on earth
Chronology gives us a framework for culture history
Chronology gives us a scale to measure cultural processes (e.g. rise and fall of civilizations) and cultural evolution |
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Term
| "culture history"- southwest example |
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Definition
| the four different Native American Indian tribes living on the plains (Anasazi, Mogollón, Hohokam, Hakataya). Different cultures living in generally the same area |
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