Term
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Definition
| selective pressures that affect behavior and skeletal structure: habitat locomotion, foraging/nutrition, predation, intraspecific competition, interspecific competition |
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Definition
[where do I live/how do I move around] - arboreal/terrestial quadruped, knuckle walker, brachiator, climber, biped
Diurnal (day active) vs nocturnal vs crepuscular (twilight active) vs cathemeral (day and night active). Diurnal live in larger groups than nocturnal. |
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Term
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Definition
| – [energy cost/benefits] - (gestation length, number of offspring, infanticide, length of dependence, investment by dad), food/nutrition (fruit, leaves, insects, meat), direct correlation between length of gestation period, infancy and childhood development, and lifespan. Tradeoff between number of offspring and quality of care provided. Eat a lot if your food isn't nutritious (gorillas. opposite: chimps + bonobos). |
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Term
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Definition
| [who eats me] - safety in numbers |
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Term
| intraspecific competition |
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Definition
| [competition/cooperation w/in group] – depends on sexual dimorphism (differences b/w males + females) linked to social structure, social existence is fitness-enhancing, live in stable and cohesive social groups, primates have closer mother/infant bond and longer childhood, most groups have dominance hierarchy (Male for chimps but females for bonobos) |
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Term
| interspecific competition |
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Definition
| [competition from other groups], murder and war among chimpanzees but not bonobos, social groups and highly organized groups; Frugivores (fruit eaters) live in larger groups - intergroup competition stronger, enhanced by large size. |
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Term
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Definition
(archaic primates)
creatures similar to tree shrews, evolved at least 65 million years ago and extinct now. Primitive mammals similar to first primates. SE Asia. "sister" group to euprimates |
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Term
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Definition
(true primates)
appeared around 55 million years ago (beginning of the Eocene Epoch). Contain strepsirhines (wet nosed) and haplorhines (dry nosed) |
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Term
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Definition
| Most primitive form of haplorhine and only living representatives of primitive group of primates. Has both primitive and derived features, retained some features of strepsirhines such as the post-orbital bar around eyes, type of leaping animal |
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Term
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Definition
| Great Ape (haplorhine, anthropoid = not tarsier), frugivores and have a high-energy diet. (Family Hominidae, Subfamily Homininae, Genus Pan, Species paniscus). Pan paniscus. Move bipedally more than chimps do. |
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Term
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Definition
| Great Ape (haplorhine, anthropoid), frugivores and have a high-energy diet, also exploit nutritious insects such as termites. (Family Hominidae, Subfamily Homininae, Tribe Panini, Genus Pan, Species troglodytes) Pan troglodytes. Knuckle walk. Spend more time in trees. |
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Definition
| Humans and their ancestors. Hominid is now much more broad and includes 3 subfamilies (gorilla, pongo/orangutan, homininae) and 2 tribes (pan - chimps/bonobos and hominins - humans) |
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Term
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Definition
(“wet-nosed”)
sometimes called prosimians, lorises and lemurs, most primitive form of primates, moist nose, sensitive whiskers, claw on the second toe, postorbital bar around the eye, mandibular toothcomb in most species, grasping hands and feet, close-set eyes (vision oriented), teeth that allow a mixed diet of insects and plants |
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Term
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Definition
| includes both tarsiers and anthropoids; new world - platyrrhine + old world monkeys - catarrhine (monkeys, apes, humans); |
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Term
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Definition
| form of animal locomotion that involves moving on four arms or legs either arboreal or terrestial |
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Term
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Definition
| Facultative = optional; Bidepalism: one of earliest traits of hominins; not efficient but decrease conflict, food procurement, sentinel behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| optional biped, bicondylar angle, modified pelvis but not the bowl shaped pelvis of humans, |
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Term
| Australopithecus afarensis: |
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Definition
| produces positive power output at hip joint, but negative power outputs at knee and ankle joints, negative power outputs increase core body heat and double the metabolic costs |
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Term
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Definition
| learned more than 350 hand signals of ASL, could correctly use at least 150 signals, reported to have created a new word using existing signals, showed that chimps had capacity for language |
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Term
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Definition
| has outstanding and spontaneous ability to master meanings of lexigrams, can combine lexigrams to create a new multiword message (primate syntax comprehensive), also began to respond to English spoken requests or commands, care was taken to make sure Kanzi couldn’t look at body language but inflection in voice could still give signals, lacks conceptual ability to understand physics of stone tools |
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Term
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Definition
learned ASL and has a vocabulary of about 1000 words or hand signals, able to lie and can indicate events in the future
gorilla |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when males differ in body size from females, can be used to indicate social system, polygamous social system is often when primates differ in body size, monogamous social system is when there are small differences in body size |
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Term
| LCA (last common ancestor) |
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Definition
| some apes migrated to Asia and Europe over land bridge, several other ape genera evolved, unclear which of these groups gave rise to the common ancestor modern African apes and humans, some believe common ancestor may have resulted from back migration of apes into Africa from Europe ca 9-6 mya due to climatic changes, some suggest a local African ape is LCA, LCA lived around 6 mya |
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Term
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Definition
| one population gives rise to several lineages of related forms, each lineage specializes in different specific environmental niches, process occurs most rapidly in environments where there are either many unoccupied niches or there is little competition for resources |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of the skull found in Paranthropus, large jaw muscles connect to the top of the skull and form a crest, temporalis muscle attachments |
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Term
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Definition
| Position where skull connects to spine, positioned straight down on bipeds |
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Term
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Definition
| angle between the femur and the pelvis since femurs are diagonally connected to the pelvis, bicondylar angle develops as humans age |
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Term
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Definition
| S-shape of the spinal column, biped trait that helps body bear stress of walking upright |
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Term
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Definition
| humans and hominins have bowl-shaped pelvis which is better for bipedalism, apes have elongated pelvises |
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Term
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Definition
form of quadrupedalism locomotion, common among gorillas, animal walks on all four limbs, using arms as another pair of legs
features: stability in extended elbow, wrist, carpal joints |
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Term
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
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Definition
| ca. 7 – 6 mya last part of Miocene, virtually reconstructed as a hominin, basicranium suggests bipedalism, possible LCA (sometimes called the earliest hominin) |
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Term
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Definition
| 4.4 mya, found with fragmentary evidence suggesting bipedalism, relatively complete skeleton found, reduction in size of canine is early dental change in hominins, no anatomical evidence for male-to-male conflict |
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Term
| Australopithecus afarensis |
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Definition
| 3.6 – 3.0 mya, many specimens both male and female, habitual biped, gracile hominin, upper body suggests some aboreality, ape-like teeth (diasema, U-shaped), mixed facial features: prognathic face, receding forehead, thick brows, low vaulted brain case, only slightly larger brain size than chimps, pointed canine with large root, sexual dimorphism, transitional first premolar cusps |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.95 – 1.78 mya, biped with aboreal features, gracile, small brain size (420 ct at adulthood), lacks flaring zygomatics and large molars, relatively long arms |
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Term
| Paranthropus robustus/P. boisei |
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Definition
robust series of australopiths not ancestral to humans, but an evolutionary side branch that left no descendants
P. boisei – 2.2 – 1 mya, found in East Africa, P. Robustus – 2 – 1 mya, both have wide, flat faces, flaring cheekbones, extremely large molar teeth, sometimes called megadonts, sagittal crests (temporalis muscle attachments), post-orbital constriction (or gaps)
Had diet heavily dominated by C4 foods, large molar teeth and sagittal crest suggests a diet low in nutritive content so they had to consume large quantities of food everyday |
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Term
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Definition
| 2.4 – 1.8 mya, habitual biped, slightly larger brain than Australopiths (509 – 674 cc), narrower lower grinding teeth, somewhat prognathic face, incipient brow ridge, foreshortened palate, no sagittal crest, ape-like limb proportions, possibly some arboreality, H. rudolfensis – 1.8 – 1.4 mya, almost modern bipedalism, slightly larger brain than Australopiths (752 – 810 cc), broader lower grinding teeth, flat face, no brow ridge, large palate, no sagittal crest, limb proportions unknown, feet more like later humans, some ape-like traits |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.6 mya, almost same height as humans, heavily muscled, smaller opening in vertebrae for spinal cord – suggests H. ergaster had less precise control of breathing and could not produce language, but could be a pathological state, early African humans |
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Term
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Definition
| 750-400 kya, hominins in Asia, homo erectus had modern anatomy and proportions, larger brain size, smaller and separated brows, hominin that leaves African during “Out of Africa 1”, some researched believe fossils in Asia are evolutions of homo erectus |
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Term
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Definition
| 800-200 kya, hominins in Africa, Europe, Asia, India, hominin that leaves Africa during “Out of Africa ½”, hominins found in Europe, thought to later lead to Neanderthals |
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Term
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Definition
| includes grasses, termites, grass roots, grasshoppers, birds’ eggs, lizards, rodents, and small antelope, grazers primarily eat C4 food (bovids and equids), stable isotope signature indicates that australopiths were eating more C4 foods than living chimps |
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Term
| Sexual selection in evolution |
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Definition
| occurs when certain characteristics are selected for sexually, i.e. bipedalism – females preferred males who were good providers (males who could stand upright and carry food) and were more likey to mate with these males, indirectly selecting the genes for bipedal structures |
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Term
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Definition
| suggested osteodontokeratic culture as an adaption for australopiths |
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Term
| Osteodontokeratic culture |
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Definition
| australopiths used bone tools before stone tools were created |
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Term
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Definition
1. tooth-marked
2. tool-marked
3. percussion-marked
study of bones from modern and ancient sites, application of results from studies to bones at sites, concentrated on tooth versus stone tool marks on bones, placement of cut marks critical |
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Term
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Definition
| site in Africa where Au. Afarensis fossils were found, series of Australopith footprints were also found there, allowing scientists to develop models about Au. bipedalism |
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Term
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Definition
| animal bones with stone tool cut marks were found at Dikika at 3.39 mya, predates earliest finds of actual stone tools by about 800,000 years, unknown if marks are from stone tools or from animal teeth |
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Term
| FLK 22 “Zinjathropus” site |
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Definition
| site in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, where paranthropus boisei fossil was found with possible stone tools, discovered by Mary Leakey, Homo Habilius fossils were later found here, remains of shelter were also found – interpreted as base camp, but also could be remains of an uprooted tree, later discovered was not a home base as there was too high risk of predation |
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Term
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Definition
| site in Georgia, 1.5-1.7 mya, have Oldowon chopping tools, suggests that early Hominins who left Africa did not have Mode 2 tools, derived site – artifacts were washed together by river or moved by some natural process |
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Term
| Atapuerca (Gran Dolina) site |
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Definition
| site in Spain, hominin fossils dated to around 800,000 ya, oldest date to around 1 mya, site of homo antecessor, hominin bones were found mixed in with animal bones – all bones were butchered the same way, suggesting that hominins engaged in cannibalism, evidence shows multiple processing events of hominins, bones show skinning and defleshing cut marks, cannibalism was not necessary so surivival, unclear if it was cultural tradition, 400-500 kya – remains of about 28 individuals – unclear if it’s garbage disposal or burial ritual |
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Term
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Definition
| forms a case for fire, found in Acheulian period, 1 mya, handaxes, tons of woodash, hundreds of brunt animal bone fragments, unclear if it represents making of fire or opportunistic use of fire |
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Definition
| one of oldest sites in China where hominins were found, dated 750-400 kya, remains of more than 45 individuals have been found, along with Mode 1 tools, fossils were destroyed during WWII, but plaster molds had been made, finds at Zhoukoudian brought up hunting versus scavenging argument again, Binford asserted that homo erectus was mainly scavenger, broken bones were from scavengers and not erectus, natural causes created burning, |
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Term
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Definition
| site reconstructed as a shelter built on the beach by hominins, ca. 350 kya, both Mode1 and Mode 2 tools were found, taphonomy played a role in moving rocks and other artifacts on the beach, artifacts are all on different levels, may look like they’re all on one surface but are not on the same level, pieces came from different areas and may not be in same level, architect didn’t excavate all sites, architect’s biases played role in his depiction of shelter |
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Term
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Definition
| line used to show the distribution of handaxes (Mode 2) versus pebble tools (Mode 1), handaxes are found to the south and west of the line, pebble tools are found to the east of the line, lack of handaxes in most Asian sites could suggest that other materials such as bamboo were used instead, issues with the line: rare handaxes found in Asia, pebble tools are common in Europe and outside of Asia, tropical rainforest very limited in distribution and habitats without bamboo such as open woodlands and grasslands would be common during glacial periods |
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Term
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Definition
| name for Mode 1 tools, 2.6 mya, pebble and chopping tools, developed in Africa before the first “Out of Africa” movement, homo erectus brought Oldowan tools with them to Asia, persist in archeological record until modern times, Oldowon site suggests hominins didn’t use river channel, freshwater wetland, but did use low relief, wetland edge, movement of resources is critical innovation of Oldowan, stone and bone brought in at different times and from different places, notion of caching, different stone style brought into sites, transport of stone artifacts away site, cost of transporting stone across landscape are high, benefits are access to higher quality food, which offset costs of transporting stone, delayed consumption of food |
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Term
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Definition
| name for Mode 2 tools (bifaces and handaxes), H. ergaster and heidelbergensis in Africa developed Mode 2, found earliest in Africa ca. 1.7 mya, after Out of Africa 1, spread of Acheulian into other parts of Old World associated with movement of heidelbergensis, may represent new activities or new ways to perform cutting tasks, different shapes of handaxes through reduction (constant reshaping from reuse) |
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Term
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Definition
| hypothesis regarding increased hominin brain size caused by larger social groups, larger networks of other individuals outside social groups, control of emotions (range not experienced by other animals), hominins have more positive emotions (sympathy, love, happiness), hominins are unique in feeling guilt/shame, emotions create moral basis to social life and increase social life complexity, increased intelligence correlates with increased group size, larger group means you need bigger brain to understand social complexities |
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Term
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Definition
| Mode 2 tools, developed in Africa after spread of hominins out of Africa, may represent new activities or new ways to perform cutting tasks, different shapes of handaxes through reduction, spread of bifaces associated with movement of heidelbergensis |
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Term
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Definition
| H. ergaster is first hominin to leave, 2-1.6 mya and 1.4-1.2 mya wet periods, wet periods were a good time for hominins to leave through the Nile Valley Corrider (all land, desert) and Bob Al-Mandab Strait (tiny waterway through low sea levels), hard to leave through Gibraltar or through Sicily to Italy, could have been incidental migration – hominins follow animals into Middle East |
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Term
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Definition
| H. heidelbergensis leaves Africa, wet periods: 1-.8 mya, .6-.4 mya, leave through same paths, European specimens generally seen as leading to lines of Neanderthals, some researchers don’t think H. heidelbergensis enter East Asia and that fossils found in East Asia are continued evolution of H. erectus, habitats in Asia already occupied, but Europe is pretty open for H. heidelbergensis |
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Definition
| Believes that the chopper/chopping tool is more important than the flake, discovered parathropus boisei and homo habilius in Olduvai Gorge, interpreted windbreak as remnants of hut |
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Definition
| suggested that marrow extraction was more important for hominins, tool marks found on low utility bones |
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Term
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Definition
| Variation in tooth form with enlarged pulp chambers at the expense of roots |
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Definition
| Ethiopia, some of the oldest known modern human fossils at 160 kya, anatomically and chronologically intermediate between older archaic humans and more recently fully modern humans, age and anatomy cited as strong evidence for the emergence of modern humans in Africa, findings suggest that when modern humans first appeared, there were other less modern populations also present |
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Definition
| Israel, early modern human skeletons have been excavated, completely skeletons directly associated with dates of 90-115 kya |
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Definition
| Previously unknown Homo species that is descendant of Homo Erectus in Asia, lived 40,000 to 70,000 ya, found in Alti Mountains in Russia, same area inhabited by Neanderthals and some modern humans, last shared common ancestor with humans and Neanderthals about 1 mya, mtDNA shows that Denisovans are distinct, 385 mtDNA differences with modern humans, interbred with ancestors of modern Australian aborigines, genes found in Pacific population, contributed important alleles for immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic material found in structures called mitochondria which are outside the cell nucleus, carry out conversion of sugar glucose into a form useable for energy, not complicated by inheritance of genes from both parents, mtDNA is only inherited maternally, greater and unique variation of mtDNA found in Africa, shows modern humans originated in Africa, subsequent spread to other parts of the Old World, replacing earlier hominins, mtDNA of Neanderthals is not outside range of modern humans, origin point of modern humans between 125-285 kya, suggests that there was a bottle neck at the time of origin, only small population involved in appearance of modern humans (discrete event), mtDNA types characteristics of moderns come together, appearance of skeletally modern fossils, origins of homo sapiens could be along and gradual process, mtDNA evidence suggests Neanderthals are on extinct side branch |
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Term
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Definition
| Neanderthals share more genetic variants with living modern humans, suggests Neanderthals interbred with modern humans in Eurasia, Neanderthals are a subspecies, and their genes live on in modern human, some nuclear gene lineages have genealogical and/or geographical patterns that are different from those of mtDNA, implies homo erectus contributed to modern genetic make-up |
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