Term
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Definition
sexual desire that humans are all born with according to Freud
it can come from anything or person |
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Term
| Freud's Stages of development? |
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Definition
oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital |
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Term
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Definition
0-18 months
oral fixation (pleasure from the mouth)
caused by neglect or overfeeding as a child.
can lead to:
overeating
loud
obnoxious
need |
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Term
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Definition
1-3 years
child moves from mouth to anus
unresolved conflucts
increase assertiveness of child and idependence from parents |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
pleasure in GENITALS
masturbation starts
penis = main interest for BOTH girls and boys
fantasies with opposite sex parent |
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Term
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Definition
Boys have unconscious sexual attraction to their mothers
develop castration anxiety - knowing that mother lacks a penis causes boys to fear losing their penis by their father and ultimately supress their desire for mother
they must reject this desire to develop proper masculine behavior |
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Term
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Definition
Girls have unconscious sexual attraction to their father
Girls recognize that they lack a penis and blame their mothers rejects her mother (and all women)
PENIS ENVY
Girls must symbolically learn to identify with mother to develop proper masculine behavior |
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Term
| what happens if the oedipal/electra complex arent resolved? |
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Definition
may result in
promiscuity, sexual inhibition or sexual confusion in
adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
(6 – 12 years
libido stability
sexual desires repressed and translated into socially accepted roles of friendship and achievement
Feelings of shame, guilt, and disgust arise |
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Term
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Definition
Puberty through Adulthood
associated with
heterosexuality
Female sexuality shifts from clitoris centered (in adolescence) to vagina centered in adulthood
if you can only orgasim through your clit you're not a woman basically |
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Term
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Definition
Karen Horney
men envioius of women ability to bear childern
in result, men feel the need to dominate women |
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Term
| Malinowski Critique of Oedipal Conflict |
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Definition
not culturally universal, but
based on different family structures
that Oedipal
Complex was a result of Western patriarchal family
structure |
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Term
| Chodorow’s Psychoanalytic Model |
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Definition
Mother as care giver role to child is responsible for personality development of boys and girls
Feminine personality: develops in relation with, and connection to other people
Masculine personality: develops in independence to other people
Women are not destined (by their biology = lack – of penis)
to be doomed to inferiority to men |
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Term
| Girls Personality Development |
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Definition
A Mother has a close identification with daughter
Leads to girl never completely rejecting her mother in favor of men
Girls gender identity develops in relation to character traits and values of her mother (and other women in general)
gradual learning of how to be woman through nurturing role of mother who is always present |
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Term
| Boys Personality Development |
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Definition
A mother pushes away her son, emphasizing his
masculinity in opposition to her femininity
Leads to sons rejecting mother creating self-reliance and independence
Boys have to learn to identify with more distant father (who is out of household earning a living)
Boys development is through Discontinuous role learning (cared by mother, yet forced to learn masculine identity from distant father |
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Term
| What type of societies would boy and personality traits that Chodrow describes cause problems for women |
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Definition
| societies that devalue women, patrilineal societies (low female status) |
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Term
| Two Spirits (Indigenous North America) |
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Definition
Two-spirits conceived as having two spirits in one body =
Associated with special spiritual/ritual powers
Perfromed ritual and religious ceremonies
Healers
Divination (fortune tellers)
Arranging marriages |
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Term
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Definition
| skilled in women's/ domestic work |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Is sexuality a defining criteria in two-spirits? |
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Definition
NO!
sleep with same sex but not considered gay |
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Term
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Definition
in urban areas of Northern India
neither men nor women
wear women's clothes and have male sexual partners
worship Bahuchara Mata Goddess |
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Term
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Definition
(nirvana) is essential in the process of becoming a hijra
Rite of passage (movement of person into different status is called the rebirth by hijras
from ordinary, important male into spiritually elevated hijra
(human sexual desire seen as a distraction from spiritual purposes) |
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Term
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Definition
Traditionally Perform at marriages (dance and sing)
bless children (particularly boys) when they are born
bless family with fertility
work as prostitutes |
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Term
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Definition
born men, take feminine role and attracted to men
don't see themselves as women
work as prostitutes
Ingesting or injecting female hormones
Injecting silicone into bodies to make bottem rounder |
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Term
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Definition
Person born female who takes on Male social role
Able to have privileges of living life as a man as long as she
remains celibate and unmarried
Dress like men
Do work of men
Use men’s tools (guns)
Attend male – only events |
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Term
| Reasons women became sworn virgins: |
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Definition
Avoid an arranged marriage
No sons left in family so sworn virgins assumes male role (inherits property – pass on to future male heirs) |
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Term
| Western Views of Sexuality : sexuality vs sexual ortientation? |
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Definition
Sexuality: sexual desires, sexual practices and sexual orientation
Sexual orientation: arousal and sexual attraction towards other human |
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Term
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Definition
| belief than heterosexuality is normal and all other sexual orientations are abnormal |
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Term
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Definition
fear, prejudice, and negative acting-out towards
people who self-identify as homosexual |
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Term
| ) Kinsey Scale of Sexual Orientation |
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Definition
Sexual orientation of human beings is on a continuum from exclusively
heterosexual (0) to exclusively homosexual (6) |
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Term
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Definition
Traditional Euro-American views only two sexes and two
genders = male and female
one’s gender is conferred by one’s sex organs
these two categories are natural, unchanging, and
universal
no such thing as a third gender category |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
transgender (transsexual): person who believes they are of the
opposite gender from the sexual anatomy they were born with
(sex changes) |
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Term
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Definition
person who has both male and female sexual
organs |
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Term
| Ritualized Homosexuality: Sambia, New Guinea |
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Definition
Semen = life force
Women seen as potentially draining life force from men
adolescent boys must engage in fellatio with older males to
nourish and build their strength and vitality
this allows boys to engage later in life in healthy
sexual relations with women in adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
Rejection of meta-narratives (grand theories that supposely explain social constructs
Ex. capitalism, heterosexism, Catholicism
all truth is meaningless
truth and false doesnt exist
identity is not fixed and is always changing
nothing is individualized, everything relates |
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Term
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Definition
there is no universal woman or woman’s situation and or position
Multiple identities overlap, intersect and struggle in many complex ways adapting to give social situations
Women and men are not necessarily joined or in conflict with one another
no essential feminine and masculine traits
Looks at women’s specific experiences rather than theories to explain women |
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Term
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Definition
systems of knowledge supported and created by institution that create reality and identity for people
normalizing discourses define what is acceptable in community |
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Term
| Power-Knowledge (FOUCAULT) |
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Definition
creates knowledge and is based on knowledge
knowledge=power
power leads to discourse - defining whats true and whats false |
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Term
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Definition
watch people to enforce control over them
prision with camera, police radar guns, "Big Brother" show, social security cards, survielence cameras |
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Term
| Construction of Human Sexuality |
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Definition
NOT A FUNDAMENTAL REALITY
human sexuality based on system of discourse and increasing surveillance |
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Term
| Discourses on Hetero + Homosexuality |
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Definition
Heterosexuality = normal
Homosexuality = abnormal
Both are not just sexual practices of the body, but Become a person’s identity (to be homosexual or to be a heterosexual)
Modern nation promotes heterosexuality and discipline/punish homosexuality
Ex. anti-sodomy laws; “Don’t ask, don’t tell”… |
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Term
| HUSSG Early Colonial America (1500s ~ 1775) |
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Definition
primacy of family) Everything based on Reproductive sexuality
Sexuality regulation through…
-church
-family
-state
Marriage based on property alliances (arranged marriages) |
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Term
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Definition
offspring of whites with blacks that became slaves
Difference with Latin America = mulattos often recognized childern of white fathers |
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Term
| Early US Nation (1775 ~ 1900) |
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Definition
Increase removal of sexuality from religious Shift to civil control
Fertility rates dropped throughout 19th century
Use of contraception and abortion increased by married women |
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Term
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Definition
| outlawed sending contraception information and/or devices through US mail |
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Term
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Definition
Movement from countryside to cities transforms gender &
sexual attitudes and practices
Dating becomes a way of life
-Delaying marriage
-Women entering work force, higher education
Women still expected to be virgins before marriage |
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Term
| Medicalization of sexuality |
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Definition
| (scientific study of sexuality- moving away from regious control and more towards science |
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Term
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Definition
| 1973 allows for abortions |
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Term
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Definition
| ” (Nancy Reagan) effort to reduce teenage pregnancy |
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Term
| First Wave Feminism (1840-1920): |
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Definition
1848) Declaration of Sentiments - all men and women are created equal…”
Fighting for abolition of slavery in US
wanted equality with men- aimed for the right to vote and to education |
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Term
| Second Wave Feminism (1960-1990s): |
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Definition
Second Wave Feminism (1960-1990s):
The Feminine Mystique (Freidan 1963)
false belief system where women find identity through their husbands and childern
women’s work (domestic work) was not valued by society and not satisfying to women |
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Term
| The Personal is Political |
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Definition
household gender relations mirror societal gender relations (there is politics within personal relationships)
= women subordinated in all realms in society |
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Term
| Third Wave Feminism (1990s-present) |
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Definition
Accepting of differences among women (race, class, sexuality)
Increased attention to concerns of women of color, poor women
Greater exploration of alternative sexualities (bi, homo, trans…) |
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Term
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Definition
16th – 18th century: “homosexual” as an identity did not exist
Anti-sodomy laws (anal and/or oral sex) =jail, fine, and/or death
Late 19th century industrialization & move to cities spurred
increase of same gender sexual relations
Medicalization of sexuality same sex relationships seens as sick, against humanity |
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Term
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Definition
US military policy (1993):
1994-2008 – 13,000 soldiers have been discharged under DADT |
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Term
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Definition
No prostitution prior to Europeans
Prostitution spread mostly throughout Eastern cities and
Western frontier (ranching, mining) areas
Anti-prostitution movement in early 20th century
moved prostitute from bordello (madame= female control) to street (pimp=male control_
Playboy (1953) moved pornography to mainstream
Internet pornography begin in late 1980s
Took off by mid-1990s when household internet connections became common
Today, $6 Billion dollar industry (Adult Video News 2007)
Child pornography is among fastest growing internet sites
(National Center for Missing and Exploited Children 2005) |
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Term
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Definition
| cermontal events that mark the passage of individuals into elevated social status |
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Term
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Definition
segregation from normal, everyday life
2. liminal stage: transition stage from one status to next
3. Reintroduction to society in elevated social state |
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Term
| history of male circumcision |
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Definition
earliest evidence in egypt 2400 BC limited to the elite
found in the Old Testament
practiced by Jews, Muslims, Christians |
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Term
| (Medicalization of Circumcision) |
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Definition
performed clitoridectomy
to cure female “nervousness”)
By 1900, was advocated mainly for men to cure disease
NO MEDICAL EVIDENCE PROVEN |
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Term
| What were the "medical" reasons men got circumcized? |
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Definition
- prevent syphilis
- prevent infection from smegma (secretions collecting beneath foreskin that can harbor bacteria)
- prevent the sin of masturation |
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Term
| what was the rationale for male circumcision? |
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Definition
Boys identify with their father
bodies look the same
(Perceived) health benefits
Conforming to societal norms
Religious beliefs (Muslim, Jewish)
Custom |
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Term
| types of female circumcision? |
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Definition
clitoridectomy (Type I): removes clitoris
excision (Type II): removes clitoris and (part of all of) labia major and minor
infibulation (Type III): type of II + remaining skin sewn together leaving reduced passage for unine, menstrual blood
(Type IV): other non-medical procedures to female genitalia (pricking, piercing, scraping, etc.) |
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Term
| Rationale for Female circumcision? |
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Definition
Preserves virginity thus preserving honor of girl and her family
in many countries, women are not marriage eligible until they have been circumcised
Curbs sexual desires of girls/women
“Purification” = achieve cleanliness through circumcision |
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