Low Caste hindus or Extremely poor muslims, all born as men who feel they are women.

Perform at events and live within big cities and do not marry.

Men who adopted womens behaviors.

Dressed in womens clothes, do womens work etc.

HUA, crow, and Souix

Certain black foot women adopted male social behaviors.

Still wives and mothers

(Buffalo Robes)

Stratified Socieites

2 kinds- Caste Socieity and Class

Society is based on socio-economic categories

I- Self imposed, personal shame and divine punishment. (Bands and tribes heavily rely on this)

E- Encourage conformity to social norms with positive and negative sanctions. 

No actual laws, involve immidiate reactions or approval of community members.

Ex. Dress code at church

Sacred narratives that tell about the universe through supernatural agency. Including cultural heroes.

Sets standards for orderly behavior

Patterns or acts that are used to influence supernatural powers. 

EX. Prayers and sacrifices 

Belief that simliar acts will produce similiar results

Ex. Burma, Voodoo dolls

Things once in contact remain in contact

Ex. Basutos of S. Africa

Hair stealing and magic on it

Sorcery

2 kinds of principles

The use of spells, rites to cause supernatural harm to others.

(Immatative and Contagious principles)

The belief that certain indivduals possess innate power of causing harm. (mostly women)

a person who is believed to have special relationships with supernatural powers.

Powers can be used in a positive or negative way

(-)bewitching shaman

+curing shaman

Training

deprivation of shit

having experianced unusal events.

Indivudalistic cults

Wide spread among native American tribes 

Esp. Important to Great plains tribes

A quest to help define your life meaning and its relationship to nature.

Perform rituals askign their diseased ancestors for favors or to leave the living alone. Found where Kin groups make public decisions

EX. Africa Japan, Lugborra (uganda)

Belief that human groups have a special mystical relationship with natural objects.

(plants, animals, and inanimate objects)

Conciously organized movements that help people cope with rapid changes.

Contains 3 conditions for the need of this movement-

• Colonization
• Domination of Outsiders 
• Feeling of a lower status through foreign deprivation

Where prophets claim to know certain secret rituals that will bring wealth

Ex. Melineisian Cargo cults

Tatooing through scars 

Nuer tribe

• Earliest and least complex 
• Decentralized and informal
• Small group of related people who occupy the same land
• Older men are leaders, and stay in authority until they are not believed in or they choose to live with another band.
• Ex. Kung, Austrlia aboriginese

Composed of different bands or other social units

Decentralized and informal

  Leadership based on the good morals of the indivudal

Horticultural and pasturalists

Tribal council deals with conflicts between bands, not within one band however.

EX. Cheyenne of Great Plains

Centralized and Formal

Single cheif of several local groups

Positions are hereditary

Generally in ranked socieites

Ex. Tahitians of Polynesia, Pacific NW indians

Centralized formal political structure

3 levels system- Ruling Elite, Bureucracy, Populace

Military and officail religions.

EX. India China Europe

Membership based on birth.

No social Mobility 

Must marry within own caste (endogamous)

Social Mobility is possible

Position largely based on acheieved status.

Brahmin

Kshatriyas

Vaishas

Shudras

"untouchables"

Preists and Scholars (study and teach)

Highest Caste

Perform rituals and sacrifices 

Nobels and Warriors

Enjoy almost equal powers as Brahmin but less pure

Mercahnts and Artisans

Middle and lower class

Farmers and craftspeople

Serves upper 3 caste groups

Deal with all polluted aspects of the culture

Ex. Deal with child birth, animal carcusses, beef

Viewed as outcasts

If born into untouchables, No social mobility and jobs are passed down through generations.

Levels of Purity

Gopalpur

Any kind of flesh you eat is not pure.

First- Vegetarian (brahmin)

2nd is Mutton(Lamb) without beef (Salt makers)

3rd Mutton and drink beef (Farmers)

4th Beef no pork (Butchers and Weavers)

5th pork and no beef (Stone Workers)

6th Beef and Pork (Leatherworkers)

Levels of Landlords(brahmin), middles class(Everything but leather and basket weavers)

and landless 

Four types of Relgious Cults

(Wallaces fourfold)

Vision Quests, No religion specialist, 

Individual will seek particular spirits for help or protection.

Not mandatory for girls.

A cult which containts a shaman who holds supernatual powers.

Ex. Jivaro (Ecuador) Have both types of Shamans +-

Held for welfare of some group of people

Cults that seek help

Ex. Totemism , Ancestral Cults

State sponsored, highly organized presithood in which rituals are held in grand buildings. (Sacrifices)

  Only Formal Cult

Ex. Aztec

Universal, process and the products of human skills applied to activity that meets the standards of beauty in a particular society.

Provides insight into that culture

(4 forms of it)

Physical Alterations- People attempting to enhance their appearance-

Body Painting for Yannomamo

In africa a hairstyle of the women indicate their marrital status. (Hopi)

Permanent alterations- Head shaping, teeth sharping- Chinook

Painting, or Sculpture, Religious or Secular

Jewlery or clothes

Music Song and Dance

Secular or Religious

Functions to integrate society

(Ethnomusicology)

Creative forms of expression using words such as myth folklore

Folklore-oral traditions, Secular, most have a moral

Hua

New Guinea

Gender based on nu.

Nu is tranferable

Women lose it, men gain it from contact with them

Women lose it from menstruation & serving men and having sex.

Woman that has 2+ children, drains all of her nu therefore becomes like a man

Men gain nu throughout their whole life thus becoming like a woman

Figappa

Karora

Figappa

 is like women (Children, women and elderly males)

Must be women with less then 3 kids

Lots of NU

Like men- Very little Nu 

Women with over 2 children

Young Man in his prime

Parents of Aka young are very indulgent towards them.

Punishment is rare, and commands are not forced.

Believe in children learning on their own and not systematically

Nurse until 3 or 4 years old

Bride Service, female puberty right, Men can only marry cross cousins

No relationship with future mother inlaw

Phases of alliance formation- Trading, feasting, and exchange of women

Semi agricultural people in habbiting northwestern brazil and part of venezuela.

• Young man must earn money for his own wedding
• Young girl must have good reputation
• Can marry outside of village as long village sanctions it
• Man becomes adult after marriage and is given help for good standing.
• Arrangements decided by trusted 3rd party of both sides of family

Those lives in their house. Nuclear or joint.

Kinship through marriage helps alliances between other villages.

Located in center of the plain

3 major crops 

not mandatory to arrange marriages

Women work in the field

Do not wear traditional dress

Rebellious Family against tradtional norms

A view of the indian caste system

Emphasizes its integrative function and the way caste benefits society as a whole.

Another view of Indian caste system

Assert that the high castes receieve greater benefits through the system than the lower castes.

Ongka is the main guy

Big monka is a big pig feast celebration (reciprocity and redistribution)

After monka, ongka collected and redistributes them for status in return.

Ongka attempts to convince enemy tribe his tribe did not poison the pig. 

Ongka also raised money for the enemy tribe.

Enemy tribe killed 4 pigs in retaliation

Men and women live seperately