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Anthro 2AC Final
Nader is a God among men.
82
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
12/07/2010
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Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 

 

Cards

Term

 

  1. Amah Mutsun Ohlone

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. The band of ohlone that Lightfoot has been working with a lot, it is further north than Fort Ross
    2. Comes up in convo with native americans
    3. These are the people lightfoot collaborated with
    4. Khela rituals

 
Term

 

  1. analysis (form, technological, stylistic)

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. big concept, look over class notes.
    2. form
      1. bowl vs plate vs cup
      2. developed with experimental analsyis
    3. Technological
      1. How it is made. Ie what temparture the pots were fired at, how it was formed (in coils, in potters, etc)
      2. Sourcing, XRF (constituent analysis.. figuring out where things came from based on trace bit elements)
    4. Stylistic
      1. Rococo vs etc
      2. Ex. Lithics of ishi, shakely
      3. Often used to create chronologies using seriation!

 
Term

 

  1. Año Nuevo State Preserve

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. Articles: during thanksgiving.
    2. Related to ecology and paleoecology;
    3. Related to landscape management issues: It deals with native people burning the landscape to increase the biodiversity. Key point: a lot of ecofacts used.
    4. Ano Neuvo = landscape management case study.

 
Term

 

  1. archaeobotany / paleoethnobotany

 

 Definition
  1.  
    1. study of plants and floral remains in an archaeological context to learn about past people
Term

 

  1. assemblages / sub-assemblages

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. assemblages: grouping of archaeological materials from an archaeological site. You can define assemblages in diff contexts and diff spatial areas
    2. sub-assemblages: a subgrouping of that

 
Term

 

  1. association

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. how one artifact relates to another in terms of its spatial relationship

 
Term

 

  1. attributes (form, technological, stylistic)

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. The minimal characteristic used as a criterion for grouping artifacts into classes. It is any observable trait that can be isolated.
    2. Three types:
      1. Form - most obvious descriptive character of an artifact believed to reflect choices of its maker(color, texture, decoration, alterations)
      2. Technological - overall 3D shape of artifact and aspects of that shape. Includes measurable dimension (or metric attributes) such as width, length, thickness and weight.
      3. Stylistic - characteristics of the raw materials used to make the artifacts (called constituent attr.) and other traits which reflect the manufacturing process.

 
Term

 

  1. Catal Hoyuk

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. an archaeological site in turkey. It was built up over centuries and centuries of people living there; it spans for 8,000 years.  It emphasized the reflexive method (ian hodder). This was where the post processural and self-reflexive method is being experimented on.

 
Term

 

  1. chronology (direct vs. indirect age determination ; relative vs. absolute dating)

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. there are 4 major ways to do it (dendrochronology, seriation, radiocarbon dating, obsidian hydration)
    2. characteristic of a date/objects:
      1. direct: you date the pen itself
      2. indirect: you date the pen, but in an indirect association to a directly dated thing. Ie. The table.
    3. Relates to the methods of dating:
      1. relative: tells you one thing is older or younger based on another thing you found
        1. obsidian hydration
        2. seriation
      2. absolute: gives you a calendar year
        1. radio carbon
        2. dendrochronology

 
Term

 

  1. classification

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. The ordering of phenomena into groups(classes) based on the sharing of attributes.

 
Term

 

  1. construction of Arch. Interpretations

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. go back to the lecture outline and look at the listing of specific things that the professor found very important.
    2. A way to make connections between a bunch of words
    3. There are a lot of things:
      1. Archaeology is a dynamic process
      2. Reflexive methodology (ian hodder)
        1. Catal holuk is an example
      3. Interpretation needs to constructed with multiple lines of evidence.
        1. The more lines the better
        2. Using oral histories and native narratives are really vital.

 
Term

 

  1. Context

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. primary: (in the same place as deposited)
      1. use related: when materials are left in place where the past people used these materials
        1. happens if:
          1. materials are small that get lost or trampled into surface, or
          2. people just forget and leave them there//lost
        2. you are able to make decisions about manufacture, use, and discard of materials. & you are able to analyze different activity areas
      2. transposed: when arch materials that people are using at cleaned up from an activity area and dumps into a garbage deposit or a midden the problem is that these materials are no longer found in its original place of manufacture and use.
        1. the spatial pattern, or structure of the materials remains you are excavating, are not directly related to the manufacture/use, but rather due to dumping/discard behavior.
    2. secondary: arch remains that are no longer in the same context or location as deposited by the original occupants of the site

 
Term

 

  1. coprolite

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. Feces from people that have been preserved in the archaeological context.
    2. Gives great information about diet, etc.

 
Term

 

  1. curation crisis

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. deals with museums and archaeology.
    2. The crisis: space and money
    3. When an archaeological site is excavated, all recovered materials needs to be curated somewhere (it is enlisted in the permit process). Nowadays, space is running out and space costs money.
    4. Some new cultural centers help relieve the issue, but not completely.

 
Term

 

  1. data processing

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. as archaeological data are collected and recorded in the field, recovered materials and records are organized and processed.
    2. consists of cleaning, conserving, labeling by provience, and sorting into basic categories to prepare them for further analysis
    3. this is important because it ensures preservation, security, and availability for study

 
Term

 

  1. data as “theory laden”

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. our very interpretation of what constitutes as archaeological data
    2. goes back to the reflexive method, ian hodder,and chatholyke. This is where data itself has a theory needed, like the research questions etc have implications of what we call data. If we think of earlier examples, like burning tree beams, that were not recognized as data. Or soil, it was not used before, but it is now imp. So basically what we use as data is very important in understanding out research questions etc. hodder is arguing that we always have this interplay.

 
Term

 

  1. Datum

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. The reference point

 
Term

 

  1. debitage

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. debris from tool production (workshop debris). It is important because it gives you information about how the tools were manufactured.

 
Term

 

  1. dendrochronology (& fire-scar dendro.)

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. using tree rings to date the past. it’s like a barcode to a specifc place/time.
    2. Fire-scar dendro: looks to define when fires took place. (fire history)

 
Term

 

  1. Deposition

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. Things that have been discarded. It is the last stage of behavioral processes

 
Term

 

  1. Roger Echo-Hawk

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. a great native scholar that has contributed to the conversation about native oral traditions. There was a short 3 page article where he argues that myths and conceptual stories (ie observations about monsters, etc) go back to when there was a megafauna, etc.

 
Term

 

  1. Ecofacts

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. Nonartifactural natural remains that have cultural relevance, not created or significantly modified by human remains. (ex. Animal bones, human remains, acorns)

 
Term

 

  1. Ellis Landing (CA-CCO-295)

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. It is a site excavated by nels nelson. (it is the most intense)
    2. Archaeologists used his notes to recreate the provenience and context and matrix
    3. Located in Richmond
    4. Shell mound = artificial. Consisted of stone tool types
    5. A lot of soil samples and food remains where preserved.
    6. The shell was either a special burial cemetaary or a mounded village where people carried out domestic activities.

 
Term

 

  1. emic / etic classifications

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. emic: insider’s perspective
      1. post processual archaeolgy
      2. you want to try to understand what it felt like to be a past people
    2. etic: outsider’s perspective
      1. processual archaeology
      2. looking at it from a  more scientific view

 
Term

  1. ethnoarchaeology

 Definition

  1.  
    1. studying a modern population to help understand something of the past in another context.
    2. It contrasts with ethnography and ethnohistory.
Term

  1. ethnographic analogy (specific vs. general)

 Definition

  1.  
    1. it is where you take info of contemporary times compare it to the past to understand the past.  The use the current groups of people and see how they utilize such materials to analyze how it may have been used in the past.
    2. General: ex. When you compare a desert society with another desert society
    3. Specific: staying withing a specific cultural group and you compare later times with earlier times
Term

  1. excavation methods (penetrating vs. clearing; arbitrary vs. natural levels)

 Definition

  1.  
    1. purpose of excavation
      1. to get a 3D patterning or structure in deposition of artifacts, ecofacts, and features
      2. to assess functional and temporal significance of this patterning
    2. penetrating: deep probes of subsurface deposits.  
      1. objective is to reveal, in cross section, the depth, sequencing, and composition of arch. remains.
      2. cuts through sequential or adjacent deposits (primarily vertical)
      3. Examples: tunnels, trenches, test pits
    3. clearing: Main thrust is outward, or across.
      1. Main objective is to reveal horizontal extent of an arch. deposit and arrangement of objects within deposit
      2. Emphasizes tracing continuities of single surfaces or deposits of varying extent (aim primarily at the horizontal investigation of deposits.)
    4. Arbitrary levels:
      1. arbitrary depth of each level. ignore natural stratigraphy. Better to do in secondary context. Quick, easy, dirty.
    5. Natural levels:
      1. goes along with the depositional episode. Better for primary context. Divide it by whatever you think matters. Takes longer but better interpretation.
Term

  1. experimental archaeology (lithic manufacture, lithic use-wear analysis, residue analysis)

 Definition

  1.  
    1. like ethnoarchaeology, but only archaeologists themselves are doing the research.
    2. It is sometimes known as reconstruction archaeology where you create copies of previous historical structures using only historically accurate technologies.
    3. Lithic manufacture: chipped stone (fracturing or flaking) vs ground stone (pecking or grinding). Like Di Hu, trying to see outcome of what methods in lithic manufacture looks like archaeologically
    4. Lithic use-wear analysis: classification vased on form, often using direct or implied functional labels like scrapers or handaxes.
    5. Residue analysis: gives an idea of what kind of animals were killed, identification of silica. It helps create an association.
Term

  1. Glenn Farris

 Definition

  1.  
    1. important in the conversation of oral traditions. He used the oral traditions by Robert Oswalt and looked at the stories to find out more about the people that came down with the koshaya pomo (looked at diff observations of the same event- a fur trapper event that came down from Oregon) he was able to triangulate the conversation and say that these were a part of the same historical event.
Term

  1. flaked stone technology

 Definition

  1.  
    1. tools produced in which tools are produced either by removing flakes to give a sharp edge to the core or by utilizing one or more of the detached flakes.
Term

  1. flakes (bulb of percussion, striking platform)

 Definition

  1.  
    1. bulb of percussion: it’s a bulge that we can identify. An attribute of flakestone artifacts.
    2. striking platform: where it is hitting. (concept of hard hammer-high impact vs soft hammer-low impact)
Term

  1. geoarchaeology

 Definition

  1.  
    1. a subfield of archaeology where you are studying the matrix of the arch record. Here, you look at the context, primary or secondary. You are looking at the grains (size, shape, kind of particles) and seeing where it falls in and where it is embedded in the arch.
Term

 

  1. geophysical survey

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. using various methods: magnetometer, gradiometers. (passive methods) soil resisivity/conductivity, radar (active methods).
    2. Important for picking up any anomalies that might be there

 
Term

 

  1. groundstone technology

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. worked at the catal holkye site (imp. Because the interpretation took right on the field)
    2. he created the self-reflexive

 
Term

 

  1. holistic approach

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. approach over a long period of a time. You are looking at the big picture
    2. it is the direct historical approach
    3. integrates all 4 fields anthropology (biological, socio-cultural, archaeological, linguistic)

 
Term

  1. Ian Hodder

 Definition

  1.  
    1. worked at the catal holkye site (imp. Because the interpretation took right on the field)
    2. he created the self-reflexive
Term

  1. hyper-reflexivity

 Definition

  1.  
    1. people get paralyzed because there is no real way to understand the past because of the biases brought into the interpretation
    2. contemporary baggage
Term

  1. interface

 Definition

  1.  
    1. what is between two depositional contexts.
    2. The lines between, can be thought of as the surface
Term

  1. interpretation at the “trowel’s edge”

 Definition

  1.  
    1. related to Ian Hodder.
    2. At the trowel’s edge means that they were making interpretations as they were on the field excavating.
Term

  1. Ishi

 Definition

  1.  
    1. Steve Shakely looked at their stone tools and used stylistic analysis to show that the characteristics were similar to show their ethnicity.
    2. Ishi =
      1. The last suriving member of his native group yanna
      2. native man who lived in anthropology museum from 1911 to 1916. Was still doing hunting and gathering. Was essentially a part of the museum. Learned a lot from him and his group (cultural practices). Made tools, hunted. (from Shackley reading)
      3. He showed Kroeber and others about his cultural groups.
Term

  1. Kashaya Pomo

 Definition

  1.  
    1. Connected to the Fort Ross site (the native group that was there when the Russians were there), it comes up in a lot of different contexts.
Term

  1. Law of Superposition

 Definition

  1.  
    1. materials found deeper in excavation are older than ones on top
Term

  1. Makah Cultural Research Center

 Definition

  1.  
    1. on tribal land and provides its own perspective. It tends to highlight contemporary natives.
    2. Set on the ozette site in Washington
    3. A huge controversy took place on this land regarding gray whale hunting in 1999. The tribal groups were in a disagreement with conservation groups (ironic)
    4. The makah made the fact that they hunt whale a core part of their culture.
    5. At the cultural research center, one can find many whale related ecofacts, they also have carvings and effigies
Term

  1. Market Street Chinatown

 Definition

  1.  
    1. Example of orphan collection being used in forms of research
    2. Barbara voss and rebbeca allen did the research
    3. Overseas chinese archaeology
    4. It is a good example of an excluded past
    5. Gina micheals and the peck mark bowls
Term

  1. Matrix

 Definition

  1.  
    1. Sediments that contain archaeological data. It usually contains clay, soil, sand, etc.
    2. It is the physical medium that surrounds and holds archaeological data.
    3. Close observations of the matrix can help you determine what kind of context you are working in.
Term

  1. Metini Village Site / Fort Ross

 Definition

  1.  
    1. Located at Fort Ross.
    2. UC Berkeley and the koshaya pomo tribe worked together. The metini village is one of the residential areas for the laborers at fort ross.
    3. This village site was viewed as sacred, with traditions and rituals.
    4. The team tried to keep tradtion… there wwas no drinking etc.
    5. The women’s menstrual period (khela)
    6. There was an emphasis on low impact (to honor the koshaya pomo)
    7. Glass was used for tool making (so they inferred that the Russians introduced alchohol to the tribe)
Term

  1. Gina Michaels

 Definition

  1.  
    1. product of Stanford. She worked on the china town market street in san jose. She did studies in ceramics. She talks about the ceramics there. She is an example of stylistic analysis. She was able to analyze their ceramics and figure out that they were handscratched Asian symbols on a number of them. She talks about how this can be interpreted.. some were blessings, others were names.
Term

  1. multiple lines of evidence

 Definition

  1.  
    1. all things you use to make interpretations:
    2. there are 2 sets:
      1. archaeological [matrix, provienance, context-primary & secondary, association, analysis (chronological, etc), artifacts, ecofacts, features, sites]
      2. historical [native oral traditons/histories, written documents, paintings, etc]
Term

  1. Museums (relation to archaeology; museum research)

 Definition

  1.  
    1. for many people, the first glimpse of archaeological materials was in a museum.
    2. archaeology plays a huge role in anthropology museums. (not just in collecting material, but housing)
    3. majority of mainstream museams have been under fire due to curation of archaeological materials, little collaboration with stakeholders, museums exhibits and programs (colonial legacy)
    4. different things have been developed to remedy the issues: natives have been hired to work, native groups visit to offer their opinion, and k-12 field trips.
Term

  1. NAGPRA

 Definition

  1.  
    1. Relevant to the curation of archaeological materials.
      1. as a consequence, there are a lot of human remains, materialss etc, that brought in the issue of repatriation & NAGPRA.
Term

native landscape management

 Definition

  1.  
    1. prescribed burning (where they burn everything to increase biodiversity)
    2. aka anthropogenic burning
Term

  1. native narratives (oral history / oral tradition)

 Definition

  1.  
    1. oral history: info you get from a person who is telling you about something they saw or heard
    2. oral tradition: second hand—something that is said in that past. It is like is a whisper down the land. More subject to changes and biases. It includes myths and stories.
    3. strengths: provides indigenous perspectives that we cannot get from historical documents, provides a window to the world view of these people.
    4. It tends to be undervalued.
Term

  1. Nels Nelson

 Definition

  1.  
    1. Shell mound guy. He was one of the first people to excavate.
    2. His notes on the ellis landing site were used to make more interpretations about the area.
Term

  1. obsidian hydration

 Definition

  1.  
    1. one of the 4 basic (seriation, dendrochronology, xx) ; it is a method for dating obsidian. Obsidian is a volcanic rock that aborbs water. It begins to hydrate water and it forms hydration rims. Thicker rims = older. It is used as a relative dating. It is now working toward a more concrete dating method.
Term

  1. orphan collections

 Definition

  1.  
    1. working with old collections (from museums)
    2. it causes a challenge because: data was collected by someone else and the research design (& questions), and the methods and interpretations have changed intensely over time. plus, you would have done the excavation differently. but here, you have no choice but to rely on someone else’s notes and interpretations.
    3. Reason why good record keeping is extremely vital.
Term

  1. Robert Oswalt

 Definition

  1.  
    1. linguistic archaeologist who worked with the kashya pomo. He is important because he translated oral traditions.  He is mentioned in some of the readings
Term

 

  1. Overseas Chinese Archaeology

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. People initially thought that the chinese were traditional (inclusive) However, in reality they interacted with natives and other people.
    2. Amador county farm <- showed that chinese people live in rural places and with nonchinese people.
    3. Mostly men

 
Term

  1. Ozette Site

 Definition

  1.  
    1. Located in Washington, excavated by Daughtery, written about by Fagan
    2. Good preservation, whale hunting, collaboration took place
Term

  1. Palynology

 Definition

  1.  
    1. Study of pollen. Can be used to analyze plant remains. Microscopic analysis.
    2. To figure out what kinds of plants were being used by people
    3. Useful for paleoenvironmental reconstructions.
    4. Prof lightfoot is using it a lot in the curstate valley (where he is studying fire scars & native fire landscape management practices)
Term

  1. percussion techniques (direct/indirect)

 Definition

  1.  
    1. direct: short & rather thick flakes are produced. It is achieved by either striking the core with a hammer stone or another tool or stiking the core against a fixed stone called an anvil.
    2. indirect: uses a punch made of bone or wood placed between the core and the hammer stone to direct and soften the resultant blow, producing longer and thinner flakes.
Term

  1. phytoliths

 Definition

  1.  
    1. little silica in plants that are preserved in the arch. Record.
    2. It is a part of paleoenthobotany and it can be used to identify
Term

  1. plan drawing / profile drawing

 Definition

  1.  
    1. plan drawing: what we made in the zeta psi building; top down (bird’s eye view)
    2. profile drawing:  side
Term

  1. pressure flaking

 Definition

  1.  
    1. type of refinement of indirect percussion that uses steady pressure on the punch to detach flakes.
    2. Usually results in blades
Term

  1. Profile

 Definition

  1.  
    1. Side view of an archaeological site
    2. Drawing of which is made to create a profile drawing.
    3. Ex. Looking at all the different lines when you cut a shell mound.
    4. Stratigraphy is looked at
Term

  1. provenience (lot vs. point)

 Definition

  1.  
    1. lot provience: everything from one area tossed together.
    2. Point provience: more specific, it identifies where things are to a specific point as opposed to a specific area
Term

  1. pyrodiversity practices

 Definition

  1.  
    1. article of landscape management practices and that person listed above in the ana neuvo site. where they do prescribed burning to increase biodiversity
Term

  1. radiocarbon (C14) dating / half-life / AMS

 Definition

  1.  
    1. half-life unit. It is based on the idea that carbon-14 decays. And you are measuring how much carbon 14 decayed into nitrogen. The ½ unit is 5,730 years plus or minus 40. It is used to clock. Acceleration Mass Spectrometry is the modern method used.
Term

  1. reflexive methodology

 Definition

  1.  
    1. A type of methodology founded by Ian Hodder. Most famously used at Catalhuyok, Turkey. It is the idea that evidence does not exist apart for interpretation and that field teams should be constantly interpreting and reinterpreting. Also that a diverse array of field methods can yield a variety of evidence, and that any one from the research team should be able to interpret a set of data.
Term

  1. residue analysis

 Definition

  1.  
    1. one of the form of analysis used to figure out how the artifact was used or what it was used for.
    2. For processing blood or plant matter; you can figure out what species was skilled.
    3. It is controversial.
Term

  1. Roger Echo-Hawk

 Definition

  1.  
    1. a great native scholar that has contributed to the conversation about native oral traditions. There was a short 3 page article where he argues that myths and conceptual stories (ie obersatations about monsters, etc) go back to when there was a megafauna, etc.
Term

  1. Seriation

 Definition

  1.  
    1. A relative dating method derived from these cultural regularities. It refers to a variety of techniques that seek to order artifacts in a serues so that adject members in the series are more similar in members farther away.
    2. It has 2 basic applications:
      1. Stylistic seriation: a technique ordering artifacts and attributes according to similarity in style. The variation may reflect either temporal change or spatial distance.
      2. Frequency seriation: orders sequence of sites or deposits by studying the relative frequencies of their artifact types.
Term

  1. Albert Spaulding / Spatial Structure of Arch. Record

 Definition

  1.  
    1. a very well known archaeologist who was working in sb. He was the one who is a component of discovered types. He thought that you can define attributes of artifacts like ceramics and discover the types that makers will recognize.
Term

  1. Steve Shackley

 Definition

  1.  
    1. Worked with/analyzed Ishi and stone tools
    2. It is an example of analysis that’s done using chip stone material. It is an example of stylistic analysis of chip stone material.
Term

  1. sterile deposit

 Definition

  1.  
    1. a deposit that doesn’t have anything in it.
    2. There is nothing in it that suggests human behavior.
Term

 

  1. stratigraphy / strata

 

 Definition

 

  1.  
    1. stratigraphy: the archaeological evaluation of significance of stratification to determine the temporal sequence of data within stratified deposits using both the law of superposition and contexts evaluations
    2. strata:  a 3d layer chunk of soil

 
Term

  1. taphonomy

 Definition

  1.  
    1. study of processes that affect organic remains after their death.
    2. can be expanded to include considerations of the processes that affect all manner of mertial things following their discard,
    3. in the most simple terms: how things decompose.
Term

  1. tribal museums / cultural centers

 Definition

  1.  
    1. present their own view of the past. They tend to stress contemporary times. Here, they shift from the object of study to active interpreters.
    2. It is used as cultural centers, the building functions work in both ways.
    3. Both examples of how modern natives are becoming sewards of the past in a more active way
Term

  1. types (discovered vs. arbitrary)

 Definition

  1.  
    1. when you find stuff and you run a statistical analysis. And you start to look at grouping.
    2. discovered: albert spaulding—there has to be a reason for this grouping. Statistical grouping that is important. Meaningful group to the people in the past. Emic perspective
    3. arbitrary: james ford—we are never really going to know if it was important to them, its arbitrary. A grouping that is statistically grouping, but not how people in the past would have group. groups that other people will find useful
Term

  1. use-wear analysis

 Definition

  1.  
    1. studying wear marks on artifacts and you can use them to figure out how people used them.
    2. Came up in conversation of experimental archaeology (using lithics as they fracture or break)
Term

  1. Thad Van Buren / CA-AMA-364/H

 Definition

  1.  
    1. Thad Van Buren: worked on Amador county farm. Which is an example of a chinese overseas community. The Amador county farm was a loding place.
    2. CA-AMA-364 : Example for looking at archaeology of Chinese people. Rural Chinese context where we have a farm established since gold rush. Chinese males who appeared to be living with native people and other groups. An example of post-1850s archaeology in California.
Term

  1. Barbara Voss / Rebecca Allen

 Definition

  1.  
    1. Worked at the Chinese Market Street in San Jose.
    2. Tie them into orphan collections, study of excluded pasts, overseas chinese communities, museum curation.
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