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Definition
– A conceptual framework for understanding a body of evidence
Evolution is a paradigm, as the process correctly predicts A LOT of things. |
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| Greek influences in the thoughts of man's origin |
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Definition
Plato and Aristrole.
Hierarchical organization of beings.
Humans at top
Logos
Great chain of being. |
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Definition
concept of God's strict and natural hierarchical structure of the universe.
God, angels, man, animals, plants, rocks. |
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Definition
Origins ca. 3.7 billion yrs
Bacteria and blue-green algae
Single-celled
No |
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Definition
Origins ca. 1.2 billion yrs
Higher organisms
Structurarlly complex
Have a nucleus
Plasma membrane holding DNA |
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| Eukaryotic Cell Membrane (look at pic on slide, too) |
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Definition
Outer cover of a cell
Protects the internal parts
Tranports molecules |
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Definition
Houses hereditary information
DeoxirinboNucleic Acid (DNA)
RiboNucleic Acid (RNA) |
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Definition
Semi-fluid material
Contains structures involved in cell function |
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Definition
| produce energy, contain mtDNA |
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| mtDNA (located in the mitochondria) |
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Definition
Distinct from DNA, shorter, different structure, encodes proteins for mitochondria membrane
present in egg, not in sperm |
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Definition
| Increases surface area for metabolic reactions |
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Definition
| Composed of proteins and RNA, location of protein manufacture |
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Definition
| cellular components of body tissue (skin, bones, brain, nerves muscle) |
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Definition
| undifferentiated cells in a fetus that can be induced to develop into any type of somatic cell |
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Term
| Gametes. What are the two types? What are their function? |
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Definition
| sex cells. eggs cells and sperm cells. Sperm cells have no mitochondria. Function: join with gametes of the opposite sex, combine genetic information and make zygote which is a new individual. This is genetic informrataion in DNA in the form of chromosomes |
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Term
| What did Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin do in 1953? |
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Definition
| Structural and functional model of DNA, double helix. Form is ideal for replication and protein synthesis |
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Term
| What three parts make up the structure of DNA? What are these three parts together called? |
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Definition
Three parts: phosphate, sugar, base.
Together = nucleotide |
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Term
| Explain the structure of DNA...the four base pairs, what do they form together to make? |
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Definition
| Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine (A T G C) join together into hydrogen bonds. Sequences of bases form our genetic code. |
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| Explain the process of DNA replication |
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Definition
| the weak hydrogen bonds separate, new nucleotides attach themselves to available nucleotides resulting in two copies. |
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| What is an Enzyme DNA polymerase I? |
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Definition
| a complex protein that is a catalyst for chemical reactions |
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Definition
| Complex molecules formed of chains of amino acids (polypeptides) |
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| another word for amino acid? |
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Definition
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| what do proteins function as? Five functions. |
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Definition
Structural molecules
tranport molecules - hemoglobin
antibodies
enzymes - catalysts
hormones |
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| What are proteins made from? |
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Definition
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| Explain the key concepts of amino acids: How many base pairs? How many possible combinations? How many amino acids are there? |
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Definition
| 3 base pairs, 64 possible combinations, 20 amino acids. Codon. |
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Term
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Definition
| tri-nucleutodie sequences of base pairs. (A C G) |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of transcribing DNA nucleotide sequence information into RNA sequence information |
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| Transcription, whats RNA got to do with it? |
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Definition
| RNA is single stranded with a similar structure to DNA only substitutes the U for T. RNA is formed at the exposed site. |
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Term
| what does mRNA do in transcription? |
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Definition
| m (messanger) RNA separates and leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm |
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Term
| What is the process of translation? |
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Definition
| Translation is the production of proteins by decoding mRNA produced in transcription. mRNA to ribosomes. Each codon is read. tRNA brings corresponding Amino Acid |
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| What happens next in translation? |
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Definition
| reads codons sequentially, second amino acid attaches to the first, forms an amino acid chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromatin is the complex combination of DNA, RNA, and protein that makes up chromosomes. |
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Term
| what does DNA do in cell division? |
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Definition
| DNA is uncoiled into strands in the nucleus. (chromatin) During cell division DNA coils up into discrete structures held together with supporting proteins (chromosomes) |
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Term
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Definition
| A centromere is a region of DNA typically found near the middle of a chromosome where two identical sister chromatids come in contact. It is involved in cell division as the point of mitotic spindle. |
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| Karyotoype of a somatic cell. How many pairs of homologous chromosomes? What is the diploid number? what is the haploid number? |
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Definition
| There are 46 chromatids, this is the diploid number. Sex cells have half this, or the haploid number. |
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Term
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Definition
| An autosome is a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome – that is to say there are an equal number of copies of the chromosome in males and females. |
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Term
| Genes. What are the made of? what are. Where are they found? |
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Definition
| A fundamental unit of heredity. Made from a sequence of bases of DNA. Found on a specific spot on a chromosome called a locus. |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific spot on a chromosome where genes are found. |
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Definition
| Differenet versions of genes |
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Term
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Definition
cell division of zygote, growth, repair, and replacement of somatic cells.
Cells divide
-chromosomes duplicate
-duplicate cells seperate
- cell divides into two daughter cells which are diploid (46). |
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Term
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Definition
Production gametes. Two divisions. Chromosomes replicate. Homologous pairs separate...crossing nover, recombination. Then there is the second division.
Gametes are non-identical haploids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during the first phase of meiosis; mechanism for recombination |
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Term
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Definition
Rearrangement of genes on homologous chromosomes during meiosis
Source of variation arising from sexual reproduction |
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Term
| Mitosis. How many cell divisions, how many daughter cells? Produces what kinds of cells? Genetically identical? What kind of cells produced? |
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Definition
| 1 cell division, 2 daughter cells, produces diploid cells, genetically identical, produces somatic cells. |
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Term
| Meiosis. How many cell divisions? How many daughter cells? What kinds of cells? Genetically identical? Produces what? |
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Definition
| 2 cell divisions, 4 daughter cells, produces haploid cells, not genetically identical, produces gametes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The genetic make-up of an individual |
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Definition
| The physical expression of the traits in an individual |
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Term
| Mendels Law of Segregation |
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Definition
| During the formation of gametes, paired units segregate randomly, so that each sex cell receives one or the other with equal likelihood. |
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Term
| Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| During gamete formation, segregating pairs of unit factors assort independently |
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