Term
| Different Branches of Anthropology |
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Definition
Two Major divisions:
1) Physical - Physical characteristics of human populations
2) Social/Cultural - Divided into 5 branches |
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Term
| 5 Branches of Socio/cultural anthro |
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Definition
1) Ethnography - Description of people based on direct observation or interviews with informants (from their memories)
2) Ethnology - Comparitive story of cultures. (Comparison between northern indians and other cultures)
3) Ethnohistory - Description of cultures written historical documents
4) Linguistics - Study of how language effects culture
5) Archeology - The study of past cultures through their material remains |
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Term
| Objectives of anthropology |
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Definition
Documentation of variablity
Account/explain variability
Development of theories - develop generalizations about cultures |
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Term
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Definition
1) Anthropology rose as a disciplin in late 19th century
2) Growth of anthropology was dependent on study of north american anthropology
3) In late 19th museums became important for anthropology. Had material that belonged to population studied. |
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Term
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Definition
| Father of social organization. Had a great influence. Much of the development of the field took place in museums, not universities because no department |
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Term
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Definition
| First anthropologist in academic setting at Columbia. He began to train anthropologists in the N.W culture that he was interested in. He learned the quaqutal language. And was a "descriptivist" - he wrote down details about cultures. His grad students founded anthropology departments in the U.S |
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Term
| End of Traditional ethnography |
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Definition
| By 1930 traditional ethnography ended because so many traditional cultures were impacted by euro american populations. I.e some went extinct. Transition from traditional form of ethnography to study of how the cultures changed - "acculuturation" |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes area that expands from Alaska to Greenland - mostly coastal where people live. Very broad culture area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most of the people living in the arctic area. The word comes from the Chipala Indians who used it to describe "people who eat raw flesh" |
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Term
| How eskimos refer to themselves |
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Definition
| Eskimos refer to themselves as "the people" or "us". They didn't see themselves as a nation, but just a group of people. |
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Term
| Tribal names chosen by other people |
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Definition
Inuit - What eskimos called themselves
Aleut - Living on the alleutian islands. |
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Term
| Why eskimos live in such a cold movie? |
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Definition
| Because the marine environment is highly productive with lots of marine mammals. A lot of activity is available so food is present year round. However, people needed to invest heavily in keeping warm. |
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Term
| Languages Spoken by Arctic People |
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Definition
Inupiaq - Spoken along the whole length of the Arctic coast from North Alaska to Greenland
Yupik - Spoken in western Alaska, northwestern Siberia and adjacent islands. Sometimes divided based on that |
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Term
| Relatives and kin of the eskimos |
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Definition
| Closest relatives to people in Siberia they are result of pop expansion - 1000 years ago. This expansion is referred to as the Thulic expansion. It was in a peninsula where it got warmer when expansion took place. |
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Term
| Harpoons made by the Eskimos |
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Definition
| The Toggel harpoon head is made of ivory with blade from a sharp stone. Harpoon head rotates when the animal hits to maintain a firm hold. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common was a house made up of drift wood. Covered with turf. Dig a warm hole where house would be built which would make it warmer.
There are two different entrances, one for summer and one for winter. During winter, populations would move out on the ice and live in igloos. The igloos would live there to hunt sea mammals.[image] |
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Term
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Definition
1) Tailored clothing had arms for easier movements.
2) Used animal intestines to produce rain coat
3) Parka- name for coat with hood they used
4) Wooden visors were used to prevent sun from hitting the face
5) Snow goggles prodeuced from wood. |
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Term
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Definition
Film made in 1922 by Robert Flaherty
Some screens were "staged" - when family woke up in the igloo = Not a whole igloo, but a half to allow light to enter.
Nanook dies 1-2 years after
Fur trade in the early 1900s allowed nanook to be brought into the economy. |
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Term
| Transportation in the arctic |
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Definition
| The sleds were used for transportation. They usually had ivory runners that were coated so as not to freeze. |
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Term
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Definition
Graves - Made from beaver tooth
Baskets - Flexible, made from plants
Smoking Pipes - Made from ivory. Smoking was not common, but once trade started it became more common
Masks - Used in different kinds of dances (not used towards the wests) |
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Term
| Male Eskimo Social organization |
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Definition
| In the arctic: Heierarchal. Beginning with the nuclear family. in most of the arctic- the extended family (groups of nuclear [cousins, brothers, etc.]) would live together for a more stable social unit. |
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Term
| Female Eskimo Social organization |
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Definition
In the west arctic: Extended family= female cousins and sisters
In the North Alaskan, sex was irrelevant for extended family |
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Term
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Definition
| Series of extended families could form villages. Generally between 50-100 people. Depending on location (central arctic less people, west arctic more people) due to resources. Villages were not permanantly lived on, would move depending on season. |
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Term
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Definition
| Several to 50 villages would form a society. Could be as many as 2000 people. In the east there were much less (150-2000). Average 450. |
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Term
| Social organization in societies |
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Definition
| People in societies were not necessarily politically integrated, There were leaders within the village, but not in societies. They did have clothing and dialects in common. People within the society would marry, but not from other socieities. Within the whole arctic, not more than 200 societies. North arctic to greenland=28000 people, west south arctic=20000 people. |
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Term
| Western Arctic cultural variations |
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Definition
| Masks were much more complex in the western arctic. Caribu hunting and whaling also much more prevalant. (Whaling boats, also called "umiaks" were skin covered boats) However, fishing was important among all arctic peoples. Moreover, western culture was more complex in art, and fishing. |
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Term
| General Social Organization in the arctic |
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Definition
Egalitarian=everyone had equal status
There were leaders, however they were just like everyone else, they were wise and charasmatic, but not given bigger or nicer houses. Focus on nuclear family=basic social unit, but there were different families that would congregate. |
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Term
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Definition
| South of the arctic area, includes northern canada. Very low population density. Ate annual foods. No border to the ocean, but few large lakes and 1000's of small lakes. Fishing in the summer mostly. People were relatively mobile, moved from one camp to another, and were encouraged to participate in the fur trade. |
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Term
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Definition
Athabaskan - Northwest sub arctic
Algankian - Northeast sub arctic |
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Term
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Definition
Includes the apaches and the navajo.
Covers new mexico, arizona, colorado and parts of mexico. |
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Term
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Definition
The Pueblo people invaded the people on the colorado plateau. Elevation on plateau was roughly 4000 feet.
Pueblo=town. Applied because the people living in the area were living in pueblo.
The Hopi were the western pueblos (also the zumi, acoma, laguna, etc.) |
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Term
| Prehistoric Pueblo People |
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Definition
Anosazi
Were basketmakers AD 200-700. People were very dependent on squash, corn, beans. Puebloan People were descendants of basket people.
They lived in established villages (not sedentary) Entrance thorugh a ladder into below ground houses, but eventually built houses from stones and mud. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anosazi ritual place, spirits would enter through here |
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Term
| Transition from below ground to ground level housing |
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Definition
| Around 500 A.D, the prehistoric puebloans would begin to move into their ground level houses |
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Term
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Definition
| Used by modern puebloans for religous ceremonies. Kivas are entered through a hole in the roof. A stone bench for sitting lines the inside wall, sometimes interrupted by support columns for the roof. There is usually a hole or indentation in the floor, now called a sipapu[image] |
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Term
| Pueblo Population change in 1100-1200 |
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Definition
| There was a massive drought in 1150 when many pueblo people died. It wasn't until 1200 A.D when population size increased. There was another drought in late 1200's sp many pueblo people moved east into what is now the hopi resevation |
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Term
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Definition
| Village in Navajo county arizona, on a mesa facing southward occupied for several hundred years. One of the oldest pueblos |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to consist of six different villages until the Pueblo revolt against the spanish in 1680 forced consolidation until 1692. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Zuni had side door entrances, windows, and chimneys. Walls were plastered with adobe mud, and floors were made of rectangular flagstone. The Kivas were integrated into rectangular rooms that are decorated.[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| Built atop a 365 foot sandstone mesa with a single entrance which was a hand carved stairway that was very difficult to traverse. They first interacted with the spanish in the 1500's with moderate acculturation (use of circular "hornos" and catholic churches)[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Had to develop special farming techniques for the arid environment. Sandy soil was placed on top, so when it rained the water would be stored in lower soils.
Maize was the most important food source for the S.W Indians and was involved in many religious ceremonies and rites of passage. The women would mill the soil using a "metate" and was an important social activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Done by men using cotton. Would weave garments and blankets. The navajo learned weaving from the pueblo people, and was eventually abandoned by the pueblos. Done traditionally in kivas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Done by all women pueblo peoples. Usually carried on the head and used for short term storage. Also used for rituals and special occasions. Nampeyo was one of the most famous women potters. She was a hopi and lived in the 19th century[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| Baskets and elaborate blankets are still made for tourists. Jewelry (shellbead necklaces) are also very important. Mainly within the Zunis who also use silver and were worn by both women and men. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dances were both religious and social, and there was a regular calander of dances. There were raindances to enhance rainfall. Moreover, there were clown dancers that insulted, performed pantomines, and did offensive things to instill morals in young pueblos. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Kachina are ancestral spirits which act as intermediaries between humans and the gods. Men dressed as kachinas during dances and were believed to actually BE a kachina for the duration of the dance. Also various masks were made as well as dolls to represent various kachinas.[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| The melding of 2 or more religious practices |
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Term
| Social Organization of Westen Pueblo People |
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Definition
| Hopi, Zuni, Acoma, and Laguna were western pueblos. They have a clan-type social organization. When a boy gets married, he moves into his wifes household. Unmarried childen would also live with them. The head of household was the grandmother. Matrilineal |
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Term
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Definition
| Clans consist of 1-10 matrilineages. Were important because there was a lineage head that would deal with important matters of ritual and agriculture. Marriage had to be to a member of a different clan |
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Term
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Definition
| A Grouping of clans, with one of the main functions being the control of marriage. Must marry outside your phratry and are unnamed unlike clans. |
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Term
| Eastern Pueblo Social Organization |
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Definition
| Division of village into 2 segments. You are born into a segment. Within the segments are moities. Their purpose (like phratries) are to govern marriage, and you must marry outside your moiety. No clans in eastern pueblos and the moities share governance of the pueblo. Moities are weakly patrilineal (born into fathers moiety) |
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Term
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Definition
| Weakly Patrilineal. Manage the agriculture, namely irrigation.Share governance of the pueblo seaons Men in the moieties were all members of a kachina cult. Each moiety had vast power in managing the pueblo. |
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Term
| East Pueblo Curing societies |
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Definition
| Involved with curing illnesses. IN order to obtain membership, must have experienced a common illness |
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Term
| Differences Between eastern and western pueblos |
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Definition
1) Western pueblos had clans, phratries and were matrilineal. Eastern pueblos perhaps were once matri but changed after spanish influence(?) Now have moities and divisions.
2) Eastern agriculture was irrigation based, western was dry agriculture. Due to this there was a greater need for village level leadership and labor division.
3) Eastern origins are deep in prehistory, starting with the Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon. Eastern pueblos have 2 kivas or groups of 2 kivas, whereas western pueblos have multiple kivas. |
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Definition
| Lived in Southwest, largest pop of indians in US and Canada |
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Term
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Definition
| Late settlers. Proven by coronado expedition (1540-1541) showed no record of either navajo or apache. During this time they began expanding out into the southwest. Upon arrival, they lived in small sacred dwellings called "hogans". Also made sacred "sweat-lodges" |
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Term
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Definition
| The modern navajo are a result of Spanish enculturation. After the pueblo revolt of 1680, spanish colonist attempted to take over the apache and navajo as well. After 100 years of battle, the modern navajo culture came into existance, including sheep herding, farming, and urban settlements. |
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Term
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Definition
Refer to themselves as "dene" or "the people" Navajo rugs are very popular for tourist because of intricate design, and were sold at trading posts. Coalmining has also become very important for modern navajo.
1864 - Kit Carson was asked to move the Navajo people and used rape and pillage techniques to do so
1962 - Government created Joint Use Area used by both hopi and Navajo - Failed
1974 - Partitioned the Joint use areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| People of Southern Colorado Plateau. Lower elevation made for warmed climate. used irrigation farming and had different pottery than the pueblos of the north. Went extinct in 1400s, now occupied by the Pima and Papago. |
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Term
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Definition
| Had shelters that did not need to withstand rainfall. Used cactus for their juices and mesquite for their beans. Made baskets. Were Patrilocal (women moved in with men) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bordering the Pueblos to the east. Social organization was matrilocally defined (men moved into wifes household). Not lineage group but resident groups. Did not manage land like the western pueblos. Groupings of extended families could occupy land called Bands. Were hunter-gatherers |
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Term
| Southwest Culture Area Summary |
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Definition
All but Apache Practiced Agriculture.
Sedentary Villages
Use of Pottery was common
Less socially and politically organized than eastern pueblo people
Clans uncommon.
Egalitarian |
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