Term
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Definition
| Cultivate and domesticate plants |
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Term
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Definition
Period in Mesoamerica when people switched to broad spectrum food-collecting
Archaic people had new resources available to exploit
In Highland Mesoamerica lived in macrobands (15-30 people) and microbands (2-5 people) |
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Term
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Definition
Civilized means "citified"
3500 B.C. in Middle East, rest of the world followed
First inscriptions or writing, full time craft specialists, monumental architecture, differences in wealth and status
Art, music, literature and organized religion |
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Term
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Definition
Sumerian writing
Wedge-shaped
Pressing a stylus against a damp clay tablet
Fired to create permanent record |
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Term
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Definition
| Crops cultivated animals raised and modified - different from wild varieties - plant and animal domestication |
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Term
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Definition
Cultural period in the Middle East
When people began to depend less on big game hunting and more on stationary food sources
Exploitation of local resources, increasing settled way of life
Fish, shellfish, wild plants |
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Term
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Definition
Sedentary life and domestication largely influenced
Origins - fertile crescent - change in climate, population pressure on a global scale |
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Term
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Definition
Egyptian writing
Written on rolls of papryus reed |
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Term
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Definition
Cultural period in Europe
When people began to depend less on big game hunting and more on stationary food sources
Exploitation of local resources, increasing settled way of life
Fish, shellfish, wild plants |
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Term
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Definition
"Of the new stone age"
Presence of domesticated plants and animals
Food production rather than collection
Plant crops (cultivation), breed animals (raise and modify) |
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Term
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Definition
Volcanic ash
People at Ali Kosh site had tools made from this |
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Term
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Definition
Seed bearing part of a stem
Wild grains of wheat and barely have a weak rachis; domesticated grains have a tough rachis - doesn't shatter easily |
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Term
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Definition
Settled life
Cultivation and domestication of plants and animals
Population growth (decrease gap between babies) |
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Term
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Definition
| Strong, hierarchical and centralized decision making affecting a substantial |
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Term
| Neolithic Revolution (p. 183) |
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Definition
First clear evidence of changeover of food production
Cultivation and domestication of animals
Middle East, 8000 years ago
Happens in rest of world over next thousand years |
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Term
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Definition
In the Middle East
Life in today's Israel and Jordan
Lived in groups of ~50 pit houses
Nutritional deficiency |
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Term
| Broad-Spectrum Collecting (p. 187) |
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Definition
Climate change (warmer, decline in big game)
Human activity (over hunting, extinction)
Population growth |
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Term
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Definition
Site in southwestern Iran
7500 B.C.
Lived mostly off wild animals
5500 B.C. - agriculture more important - irrigation and use of domesticated cattle
100 people
Goats in grassier mountain valleys - summer |
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Term
Article
Chemical Analyses of Bones and Teeth (p. 198) |
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Definition
Study ancient diets indirectly
Feces (coprolite) - biased
Carbon isotope ratios - what type of plants people were eating
Recently started studying "insides" of bones and teeth |
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Term
| Formative Era (Southern Iran) (p. 201) |
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Definition
Southern Iraq
Period from 5000 - 3500 B.C.
Development of cities and states
Small-scale irrigation
Lowland river areas inhabited - food supply and transportation
Increase in social complexity and political life
Temples built
Chiefdoms may have developed |
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Term
| Sumerian Civilization (p. 201) |
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Definition
3000 B.C. - All of Sumer was under a single government
Elaborate system of administation of justice, codified laws, specialized government officials, professional standing army, sewer systems, specialized crafts
Social stratification |
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Term
| Formative Period (Mesoamerica) (p. 202) |
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Definition
Area around Teotihuacan
1000 - 300 B.C.
Small and scattered farming villages
After 500 B.C. - moving into valley floor |
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Term
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Definition
Population growth
Stratified society (unequal access to resources) |
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Term
| Consequences of State Formation (p. 207) |
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Definition
Larger and denser populations
Infrastructure
Coordinate information
Many people relieved of food production
No longer able to say "no" to leaders
Class stratification (unequal access to resources)
Health issues |
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Term
| Decline and Collapse of States (p. 209) |
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Definition
Environmental degradation
Catastrophes
Social Decadence
No single explaination |
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Term
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Definition
Irrigation
Circumscription and war
Trade |
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