Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Twice as long as they are wide |
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Term
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Definition
| Chisel like stone tools used for carving. |
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Term
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Definition
Once thought to be the earlies specimens of modern humans
Named after rock shelter in France
Appeared in western Europe 35,000 years ago |
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Term
| Ethnographic Analogy (p. 170) |
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Definition
| Observe the manner in which similar tools are used by members of recent or contemporary societies with activities and environments similar to those of ancient toolmakers |
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Term
| Homo heidelbergensis (p. 154) |
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Definition
Separate species
Found in Old World
Differs from Homo Erectus:
- Smaller teeth and jaws
- Much larger brain (1,300 cc)
- lacks saggital keel and occipital torus
Differs from Homo sapiens
- large and more prognathic face, larger teeth and jaws, brow ridge, long, low crainial vault and sloping forhead |
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Term
| Homo neandertalensis (p. 154) |
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Definition
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| Homo sapiens sapiens (p. 154) |
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Definition
Look like modern humans
Appeared 50,000 years ago
"Domed skull, chin, small eye brows, rather puny skeleton" |
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Term
| Indirect Percussion (p. 168) |
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Definition
Used a hammer-struck punch
Shaped core into a pyramidal or cylindrical form, tool maker out a punch of antler ,wood, or other hard material into position and struck it with a hammer. |
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Term
| Levalloisian Method (p. 159) |
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Definition
Toward end of Acheulian period
New technique, allowed toolmaker to produce flake tools to predetermined size
Toolmaker first shaped core and prepared a "striking platform" at one end. Then flakes (of predetermined size) knocked off.
Date back as far as 400,000 years ago
More common in Mousterian tool kits |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Middle Paleolithic (p. 158) |
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Definition
Period of cultural history associated with Neandertals in Europe and the Near East
300,000 - 40,000 years ago
Called Middle Stone Age in Africa
Tool assemblages in this period: Mousterian (Europe and Near East, post-Acheulian (Africa) |
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Term
| Mousterian Tool Assemblage (p. 158) |
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Definition
Small proportion of large core tools (axes and cleaves)
Larger proportion of small flake tools (scrapers)
Characterized by flakes that were altered/retouched by striking small flakes or chips from one or more edges
Scraping hides or wood working |
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Term
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Definition
Debate wether they are actually Homo sapiens neandertalsis or their own species (Homo neandertalensis)
Cave in Neander Valley (Ger)
Look similar to modern humans
Larger brains
- capapble of what modern humans are culture wise
mtDNA change
- 25 differences b/w them and m. humans
- This means the two species diverged about 600,000 years ago 2$ per 2 M years)
Coexisting different species
- No interbreeding or culture exchange
- Displaced by humans
NO EVIDENCE 100% CONCLUSIVE
Went extinct 35,000 years ago
What happened?
1 Interbreeding with humans
2 Killed off by modern humans
3 Extinction b/c of competition with modern humans |
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Term
| Pressure Flaking (p. 154) |
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Definition
Appeared during Upper Paleolithic
Employing pressure with a bone, wood, or an antler tool at the edge of the tool to remove small flakes
Used in final stages of retouching a tool |
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Term
| Upper Paleolithic (p. 167) |
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Definition
Period of cultural history in Europe, Near East and Asia
40,000 - 10,000 (Neolithic Period) 10,000 years ago
Later Stone Age (in Africa, may have begun earlier)
In North and South America, period begins when humans first entered new world, before 12,000 years ago
Similar lifestyles than before
Hunters, fishers, gathers, skin-covered huts and rock shelters, smaller stone tools
Emergence of art
Increase in human population
Invention of bow and arrow, spear-thrower, tiny replaceable blades that fit into handles |
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Term
| Single Origin Theory (p. 163) |
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Definition
Modern humans emerges in just one part of the world, and spread to the other parts, replacing Neadertals
Main evidence for this theory found in mtDNA of living people
Random people from around the world tested, have common ancestor 200,000 years back
Variation of the Y chromosome
- Doesn't go under recombination
- Most changes to it are random mutations
- Suggests recent ancestor of only 100,000 years ago |
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Term
| Multiregional Theory (p. 163) |
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Definition
Homo erectus populations in various parts of the Old World gradually evolved into anatomically modern-looking humans
"Transitional" or "Archaic" H. sapiens and the Neandertals represent phases in the gradual development of "modern" anatomical features
Continuity is main evidence
- In skeletal features (H. erectus and H. sapiens) |
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Term
| Intermediate Theories (p. 165) |
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Definition
Some replacement of one population by another, some local continuous evolution, and some interbreeding between different populations of humans over the world
Diversity in human lice
- Look up in textbook |
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Term
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Definition
Glaciers covered Europe to North America
10 degrees colder
More extreme differences in seasons
Large game animals - Pleistocene megafauna - huge
- Siberian mammoths |
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