Term
| Occasional bipedalism: adaptions? Who? |
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Definition
| NO adaptions to support bipedalism. ie Chimps, Great Apes. |
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Term
| Habitual bipedalism: adaptions? Who? |
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Definition
| SOME (50-75%) adaptions to support bipedalism. ie Australopithecines |
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Term
| Obligate bipedalism: adaptions? Who? |
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Definition
| Adaptions are FOR bipedalism. Must walk bipedal, always. Humans! |
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Term
Bipedal adaptions
hint: there's 6!
hintx2: B-A-A-I-L-S |
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Definition
Bowl-shaped pelvis
Anterior foramen magnum
Angled femur
In-line big toe
Longitudinal arch in foot
S-shaped vertebral column |
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Term
| Australopithecines: when? |
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Definition
| Species present about 3-4 MYA |
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Term
Pre-australopithecines: Where?
*Hint, challenged the Savannah Hypothesis |
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Definition
Species was present in mix of Central and East Africa
*Hint, challenged the Savannah Hypothesis |
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Term
| What is the Savannah Hypothesis? What species challenges it? |
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Definition
| "Bipedalism was selectively favored as the African environment to more savannahs" Pre-Australopithecines challenged it. |
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Term
| Why do the Pre-Australopithecines challenge the Savannah Hypothesis? |
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Definition
| __________ challenged the Savannah Hypothesis because they already favored bipedalism and they lived in forests and woodlands ! |
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Term
| Who came earlier, Gracile or Robust Australopithecines? |
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Definition
| Gracile Australopithecines came before Robust Australopithecines (3-4MYA compared to ~1MYA) |
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Term
What kind of diet did Gracile Australopithecines have?
*Remember: they were present 3-4MYA |
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Definition
| They had a very general food diet (25% each: fruit, nuts, meat, insects). Therefore, a more general digestive tract. |
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Term
What kind of diet did Robust Australopithecines have?
*Remember: They were present ~1MYA. |
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Definition
| This species had a special diet of plants, therefore a special digestive tract for plants. |
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Term
Australopithecines afaransis and Australopithecines africanus are two species in the Gracile or Robust catgory?
*Hint: They were present 3-4MYA. |
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Definition
These two species are categorized as Gracile Australopithecines.
*Hint: They were present 3-4MYA. |
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Term
Australopithecines robustus and Australopithecines boisei are two species in the Gracile or Robust catgory?
*Hint: They were present ~1MYA. |
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Definition
These two species are categorized as Robust Australopithecines.
*Hint: They were present ~1MYA. |
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Term
What are two things that Gracile and Robust Australopithecines have in common?
Hint: One is cranial, one is post-cranial. |
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Definition
| Both these categories of Australopithecines have the following in common: Small cranial capacity, and Arboreal AND biped adaptions |
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Term
True or false:
Homo habilis had smaller cranial capacity and smaller faces and teeth? |
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Definition
| True! Homo _____ had smaller cranial capacity and smaller faces and teeth. |
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Term
| True or false: Homo habilis is known for the first stone tool use? |
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Definition
FALSE! Homo _____ was at one time believed to be the first stone tool users.
Turns out it wasn't even a Homo, but an Australopithecine 2.5MYA! |
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Term
| Homoe erectus: When and where? |
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Definition
This Homo species was present in Africa around 1.8MYA.
Also found in Europe, East and S.East Asia 1.7MYA. Becauuusee: Out of Africa |
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Term
What is Out of Africa?
*Hint: Homo erectus is known for this. |
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Definition
The name for the migration; Originally in Africa, then spread out.
*Hint: Homo erectus is known for this. |
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Term
Early stone tools: Oldowan tools were found at ____?
*Note: Two different forms? |
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Definition
| These stone tools were found at Olduvi Gorge. Two different forms: Choppers and flakes. |
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Term
Choppers and flakes are two different forms of what tools?
*Hint: Found at Olduvi Gorge. |
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Definition
| These two stone tools are forms Oldowan tools. |
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Term
How were the Oldowan stone tools produced?
Note: Not a standardized process |
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Definition
| These stone tools were made with direct percussion. It was a simple process and not standardized. |
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Term
Explain the two forms of Oldowan tools.
Hint: Direct percussion, not standardized. |
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Definition
Choppers- Big and heavy. Used to get into bones.
Flakes- Small, thin; very sharp |
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Term
Acheulian tools: Always a ______ shape.
Note: bi-facial flaking. |
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Definition
_______ tools. Always a teardrop shape.
Note: bi-facial flaking. |
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Term
| Which tool was made using bi-facial flaking? |
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Definition
| Acheulian tools were made with b_____ fl_____. |
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Term
Oldowan tools or Acheulian tools: Which required a mental template?
Hint: It was a standardized tool form. |
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Definition
| Acheulian tools required a m_____l tem____. |
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Term
What kind of production were Acheulian tools made with?
Hint: Mental template.
Hintx2: D_____ Per_____ with s____ H______. |
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Definition
| This tool was made with direct percussion using a soft hammer. |
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Term
| ______ tools were made and used by Homo erectus and some later Homo species. |
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Definition
| Acheulian tools were made and used by Homo ______ and some later Homo species. |
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Term
This Homo species is known for fire, shelter, and clothing.
Hint: Later member of Genus Homo. |
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Definition
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Term
| This Homo species is dispersed around the word |
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Definition
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Term
Mousterian tools: used a ________ Technique.
Hint: Very complex production! |
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Definition
| This tool used a Levallois technique. |
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Term
The latest stone tool we're studying is?
Hint: Belongs to later Homo.
Hintx2: "modified flakes" |
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Definition
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Term
| Homo heidelbergensis: When and where? |
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Definition
| 400k-125kya in Europe, Asia AND Africa. |
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Term
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Definition
| ???? Don't have any info on them!! |
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Term
Homo heidelbergensis:
What kind of cranium?
Occipital Torus? |
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Definition
| This Homo species had a long, low cranium and a Occipital Torus. |
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Term
Homo heidelbergensis:
How big was their brain capacity?
Bonus: Tall cranium, or long low cranium? |
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Definition
| This Homo species had a brain capacity of about 1200CC. Long low cranium. |
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Term
| True or false: Homo heidelbergensis is "like modern humans" |
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Definition
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Term
Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthals, and Homo sapiens used what kind of stone tools?
Hint: Very complex tool making process. |
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Definition
These three later Homo species used Mousterian tools.
*Idk about Homo floresiensis. |
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Term
| These three later Homo species had long, low craniums. *Idk about Homo floresiensis. |
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Definition
| Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthals all had this type of cranium. |
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Term
This Homo species was the first seen outside of Africa.
Hint: It's also the first true biped. |
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Definition
| Homo erectus was the first of these two things. |
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Term
What species was known for Acheulian tools?
Hint: Same species that's known for Out of Africa. |
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Definition
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Term
cranial buttressing system has three parts for muscle attachment. Can you name them?
Hint: Homo erectus has them. |
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Definition
| Supraorbital torus, saggital keels, occipital torus. |
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Term
| What later Homo species has a cranial buttressing system? |
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Definition
| Homo erectus has this type of cranial adaptions. |
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Term
This later Homo species has the largest cranial capacity.
Hint: Bigger than us! |
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Definition
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Term
| When did Homo sapiens first ... err.. "begin"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Large cranium, tall cranium, forehead, small brow ridge, small teeth, chin, no occipital protrusion. These are all traits of what later Homo species? |
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Definition
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Term
When and where were Australopithecus afaransis found?
Hint: They're Gracile Austr. |
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Definition
| This species was found 3-4MYA in E. Africa |
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Term
| When and where were Australopithecus africanus found? |
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Definition
| This species was found 3.5-2MYA in S. Africa. |
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Term
| Australopithecus robustus was found when and where? |
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Definition
| This species was found in S. Africa 1-2.5MYA. |
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Term
| Australopithecus boisei: When and where? |
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Definition
| This species was found in E. Africa 1-2.5MYA |
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Term
| True or false: All four of the Australopithecus species we're studying are habitual bipeds. |
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Definition
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Term
Australopithecus afarensis vs Australopithecus africanus:
Which of these has large (but not larger) molars, small (400CC) cranial capacity, and relatively prognathic faces? |
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Definition
| Australopithecus afarensis |
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Term
Australopithecus afarensis vs Australopithecus africanus:
Which of these (when compared to the other) has larger molars, larger cranial capacity (recall: the smaller has 400CC), and flatter faces? |
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Definition
| Australopithecus africanus |
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Term
Gracile Australopithecines vs Robust Australopithecines:
Which has heavy chewing adaptions (large mandible, very large molars, extra thick enamel), large zygomatic arches, pronounced saggital crest? |
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Definition
| Robust Australopithecines have these traits |
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