A(n) ____ is the term for a group of persons of similar age, and the same sex, who move through some, or all, of life's stages together.

a. age-grade

b. age-set

_____ associstions are clubs that bring together migrants from a common geographical background.

a. geographical

b. regional

The ____ from Ancash, Peru moved to Lima and lived in slum-like dwellings called ____.

a. Serranos/barriadas

b. Michoacan/barrios

c. Nahuatis/ghettos

d. Quechua/urban housing

Which of the following is not a common characteristic of associations?

a. different people in one's association are not necessarily in the same association with one another

b. some people are excluded

A group of people who move through all of life's stages together is known as:

a. an age-term

b. an age-grade

c. an age-set

When a male among the Mae-Enga enters a bachelor association:

a. he can now accept food from a female

b. he undergoes a "purification"

c. he can no longer participate in organized dances and feasing with his chosen female partner

The executive positions of the Serrano regional associations of Lima, Peru are generally held by:

a. men who have achieved political power in their home towns

b. the oldest men in the community

c. men in a prescribed age-set

The primary objective of the "friendly societies" formed by the wives of Kru migrants in Freetown, Sierra Leone is:

a. providing a forum for people of different ethnic groups to get to know each other better.

b. the encouragement of local art traditions

c. providing mutual aid to members

Secret associations such as in Africa:

a. are common in many areas of the world

b. are not involved in political activities

Membership in the Poro and Sande associations:

a. has been found in all societies in Africa

b. is voluntary for all men and women

c. is legal in Guinea

d. includes scarification for both male and female members

Cross-cultural evidence best supports which theory about age-set systems?

a. the theory that age-sets help people mature emotionally

b. the theory that age-sets replace kinship sies in societies with weak organization

c. the theory that age-sets occur in societies with no central authority

d. the theory that age-sets supplement kinship ties in societies where warfare is frequent and local groups change in size and composition.

Members of the senior generation-set among the Karimojong of Uganada perform all of the following functions except:

a. administrative

b. judicial

c. priestly

d. agricultural

The term "senior citizen" would designate what type of group?

a. age grade

b. age set

c. age association

a. age grade

Of the following, which is not a feature of a military association?

a. voluntary membership

b. participation in war

c. high military rank

d. performance of community services

c. high military rank

What might not be a reason for joining a regional association?

a. service as mutual aid societies

b. possible assistance in time of emergencies

c. social prestige in the wider community

d. scholarship aid

c. social prestige in the wider community

Friendly socities differ from tribal unions in that their objectives:

a. are confined for the most part to mutual aid

b. are more commonly known to the community

c. cause less dissesion in the wider community

In most noncommercial or simple societies, the organization and administration of the society is based on:

a. ethnic groups

b. kinship

Which of the following associations is not based on universally ascribed characteristics?

a. the Shavante age sets

b. the Mae Enga bachelor's association

c. the Cheyenne military associations

d. the Karimojong age sets

c. the Cheyenne military associations

West African occupational clubs are based:

a. exclusively on tribal criteria

b. exclusively on occupational criteria

c. on age as well as craft criteria

d. on tribal as well as occupational criteria

The more technologically advanced a society is:

a. the more voluntary associations it is likely to have

b. the more specialized associations become

a. the more voluntary associations it is likely to have

societies with tribal political organization are similar to band societies in their tendency to be:

a. caste-based

b. egalitarian

c. ranked

b. egalitarian

The nupe king of what is now ___ had ultimate authority over his people by ____ them.

a. Nigeria/adjudicating

b. Nigeria/taxing

What distinguishes tribal from band political organization is:

a. the presence of some multilocal, but not usually society-wide, integration

b. permanent multilocal integration

c. formal integration

d. smaller local groups

a. the presence of some multilocal, but not usually society-wide, integration

Among the Tiv of northern Nigeria, political organization is based on:

a. lineage organization

b. agricultural organization

c. religious organization

d. wealth

a. lineage organization

The Karimojong of northeast Uganda use what type of system as the basis of their political organization?

a. age-set

b. ethnic association

c. regional association

d. unisex organization

a. age-set

Which of the following is not generally an important role of chiefs?

a. coordinating labor

b. collecting taxes

c. supervising religious ceremonies

d. redistributing goods

b. collecting taxes

which of the following is characteristic of state-level societies, but not of tribes?

a. leaders are wealthier than their followers

b. leaers have more positive feelings about their parents

a. leaders are wealthier than their followers

which of the following was not characteristic of the Nupe state?

a. rigid stratification

b. the use of taxation

c. minor disputes were handled by local village councils

d. commoners shared in political authority

which form of distributin to anthropologists link to chiefdoms?

a. balanced reciprocity

b. generalized reciprocity

c. redistribution

a ____ is politically autonomous and is composed of the local group or community.

a. band

b. tribe

c. chiefdom

d. state

a. band

what is the mode of subsistence for chiefdoms?

a. horticulture

b. shifting agriculture

c. food collecting

d. intensive agriculture

of the following, which is a characteristic trait necessary to be the big man of Kumdi Engamoi, of New Guinea?

a. good writer

b. good speaker

c. the father of several sons

b. good speaker

when no regular, effective means of resolving a conflict are available:

a. violence is commonly used to settle a dispute

b. ordeals are arranged for the opposing parties

a. violence is commonly used to settle a dispute

complementary opposition is typical of which kind of group?

a. secret societies

b. age sets

c. clans

d. segmentary lineages

which of the following is not generally characteristic of leaders in a chiefdom?

a. inheritance of the chiefly posiiton

b. high status

c. leader gains position because of personal qualities

d. chiefly position is held permanently

c. leader gains position because of personal qualities

Malinowski argued that Trobriand boys:

a. are unusually hostile toward their fathers

b. do not feel hostility toward their fathers

c. do not feel hostility toward authority figures, as postulated by sigmund Freud

d. do not feel hostility toward any adult males

b. do not feel hostility toward their fathers

socialization refers to:

a. the methods different societies use to bring deviants into line

b. the type of formal education given to children in different cultures.

c. chidren's learning of standards of behavior appropriate to their culture. 

which of the following is not more common among chilren who have received schooling?

a. greater ability to perceive depth in two dimensional drawings

b. inferential reasoning ability

c. display of formal operational thinking

d. greater ability to memorize things

b. inferential reasoning ability

compared to agriculturalists, pastoralists:

a. are more likely to accuse each other of witchcraft and sorcery.

b. generally express their emotions more openly.

c. are less likely to be permissive in their child rearing. 

b. generally express their emotions more openly.

who is most likely to display a great deal of perceptual field independence?

a. pastoralists

b. horticulturalists

c. hunter gatherers

c. hunter gatherers

which type of society is most likely to have severe adolescent initiation rites for boys?

a. patrilocal societies where boys sleep with both parents

b. patrilocal societies where infant boys initially sleep exclusively with their mothers

c. matrilocal societies where boys sleep exclusively with their mothers

b. patrilocal societies where infant boys initially sleep exclusively with their mothers

Clifford Geertz studied the differences between western and non-western concepts of ____ and found they were quite different.

a. culture

b. psychology

c. sociology

d. self

David McClellands's research suggests that societies that develop high levels of achievement motivation in individuals will likely experience:

a. high rates of economic growth

b. an economic decline

c. an incapacity of the greatest achievers

a. high rates of economic growth

The yanomamo indians deal with aggressivemenss in their children by:

a. encouraging it

b. severely beating them if they become aggressive

c. encouraging boys to fight each other for self defense while encouraging girls to negotiate

a. encouraging it

which of the following is not characteristic of the Alorese personality as described by Cora Du Bois?

a. suspicion

b. violence

c. cheerfulness

d. slovenliness in workmanship

c. cheerfulness

cross cultural studies show that which type of society is most likely to emphasize individual assertiveness and emotional independence?

a. hunter gatherer societies

b. horticultural societies

c. pastoral societies

d. societies with intensive agriculture

a. hunter gatherer societies

_____ felt that religion helps people resolve their inner conflicts and attain maturity.

a. william james

b. erich Fromm

c. Abraham Maslow

d. Carl Jung

people tend to be punished by gods for immoral behavior:

a. in most societies

b. when there are considerable differences in wealth in a society

b. when there are considerable differences in wealth in a society

The _____ have merged the ancient Maya worship of the sun wiht the Spanish conquerors' Jesus and Mary.

a. Quechua

b. Nahuati

d. Chamulas

_______ are generally full-time male specialists who officiate at public events.

a. shamans

b. priests

animatism may best be defined as:

a. a abelief in impersonal supernatural forces

b. the worship of inanimate objects

a. a abelief in impersonal supernatural forces

Monotheistic religions generally have beliefs in:

a. a supreme supernatural being together with lower ranked supernaturals

b. only one supernatural being

a. a supreme supernatural being together with lower ranked supernaturals

In the ranked society of Palau, the gods:

a. are associated with different clans and are ranked like the clans

b. have little to do with human beings

c. are not thought to be permanent, buty may die and be born again, just as the clans

a. are associated with different clans and are ranked like the clans

Cargo cults genarlly occurred in Melanesian societies that had:

a. never seen Western goods

b. recently come into contact with western powers

c. experiened decreasing contact with Western goods one year prior to the movement

According to Durkheim, when Australian Aborigines worhsip totems they are really venerating:

a. the natural laws of the universe

b. their parents

c. their clans

Which of the following served to represent the most prestigious gods in ancient Sumer?

a. larger eyes

b. wings

c. halos

d. smaller bodies

a. larger eyes

which of the following artistic sytles is most likely in an egalitarian society?

a. a relatively "uncrowded" design

b. symmetrical design

singing is most likely to involve soloists in which type of society?

a. an elaborately stratified society

b. a society wiht a leader who gains his position through demonstration of abilities

a. an elaborately stratified society

societies that severly punish children for aggression are likely ot have myths:

a. in which the heroes are not aggressive

b. with non aggressive themes

c. with very little aggression

a. in which the heroes are not aggressive

the ongoing spread of cultural features around the world is known as:

a. cultural diffusion

b. globalization

commercialization can come about through the introduction of ______, cultivation for sale rather than personal consumption

b. cash crops

a. commercial agriculture

in contrast to a discovery, an invention is:

a. a new applicaiton of knowledge

b. the acquisition of new knowledge

a. a new applicaiton of knowledge

Perhaps ____ percent of the Yahi died in the ten eyars following their initial exposure to European diseases.

a. 20

b. 60

c. 10

d. 80

b. 60

a common change that occurs when a new technology is introduced into a sipler culture is:

a. an increase in social stratification

b. an increase in workloads over the short-run

a. an increase in social stratification

According to Margaret Mead, how many anthropologists were involved in the war effort during world war II?

Which term refers to the type of applied work required in connection with many programs funded by goverment or private agencies?

a. forensic anthropology

b. social impact studies

Practicing anthropologists often work on specific projects that aim to improve people's lives, usually by trying to:

a. convince the target population of the benefits of the project

b. change behavior or the environment

anthropologists who work in applied fields come out of all subfields of anthropology, mostly from:

a. ethnology

b. physical anthropology

a. ethnology

applied anthopology in the United States developed:

a. out of anthropologists' personal experience with disadvantaged people in other cultures

b. with the creaion of the society of applied anthropology

a. out of anthropologists' personal experience with disadvantaged people in other cultures

many of the ideas and practices of medical researchers and practitioners are by:

a. society

b. culture

many medical anthropologists now argue that the biomedical paradigm itself needs to be understood as part of:

a. biocultural synthesis

b. the society

c. the culture

which term refers to the health related beliefs, knowledge, and practices of a cultural group?

a. biomedical paradigm

b. biocultural synthesis

c. ethnomedicine

d. biomedicine

c. ethnomedicine

which humoral medical system was dominant until it was replaced by the germ theory?

a. greek

b. european

c. ayurvedic

d. chinese

a. greek

which humoral medical system contained six humors?

a. greek

b. european

c. ayuvidic

d. chinese

In a cross cultural study of 139 societies, George P. Murdock found that ______ societies did not have the belief that gods or spirits could cause illness. 

a. 2

b. 20

c. 10

d. 7

a. 2

according to _____, illness may be due to something out of order in one's social life.

a. biomedicine practitioners

b. personalistic practitioners

c. Hausa ethnomedicine

d. Maya ethnomedicine

b. personalistic practitioners

for many diseases, health problems, and death rates, incidence or relative requency varies directly with

a. ethnic differences

b. social class

c. education differences

d. economic class

b. social class

William Dressler combined fieldwork methods adn hypothesis testing to try to better understand:

a. depression

b. susto

c. anorexia nervosa

d. pibloktoq

a. depression

what may have an overall harmful effect on nutrition?

a. small village horticulture

b. foraging

c. intensive agriculture

d. comercial or cash crops

Which did not contribute to the famine in the African Sahel in 1974?

a. drought

b. deforestation

c. civil war

d. floods

b. deforestation

In India, what may be the cause for the uneven distribution of food and other supplies provided to flood vicitms by the government?

a. rules of social and gender stratification

b. rules of descent

c. ethnic biases

d. retribution

a. rules of social and gender stratification

Many researchers focus their studies on variation in the frequencies of specific behaviors to avoid having to decide what is or is not:

a. mental illness

b. abuse

c. culturally appropriate

b. abuse

what percent of the violence aginast women comes from a male intimate partner, such as a husband?

a. 90%

b. 75%

societies that have violent methods of conflict resolution within communities, physical punishment of criminals, high frequency of warfare, and cruelty toward enemies generally have more:

a. homicide

b. wife beating

what is a cause of socialization for aggression?

a. homicide

b. child abuse

c. war

d. capital punishment

c. war

R. J. Rummel estimates that nearly _______ million people have been killed by governments in the twentieth century.

a. 50

b. 170

c. 35

d. 130

b. 170