Term
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Definition
Interdisciplinary use field that uses EVOLUTION as a foundation for understanding humans in the natural world.
Relies on SCIENTIFIC METHOD. |
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Term
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Definition
-paleoanthropology
-osteology
-paleopathology
-forensic anthropology
-primatology
-human biology |
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Term
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Definition
studies the bones and teeth of our fossils ancestors and closesly related to us. like the other primates
-learn the sequence that led the appearance of modern human (us)!
-not dinosaurs |
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Term
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Definition
-study of skeleton
-skeletal biology
-uses knowledge of patterns and processes of human growth, physiology and development |
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Definition
| -study of ancient disease (change to the bones) |
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Definition
| -Osteology in a legal setting-solving crimes. |
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Definition
| -study of all non-human primates and their anatomy, genetics, behavior and ecology. |
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Definition
| also study human nature, like why some are bipedals... |
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Definition
Study ALL aspects of human biology:
-growth
-body size
-birth
-life history
-nutrition/disease
-variability
-adaptability |
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Term
| Themes in biological Anthro |
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Definition
-continuum of life
-where humans fit in the classification of all living things |
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Term
| Where do humans fit in the classification of all living things? |
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Definition
| -animals, primates, mammals, life forms, |
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Term
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Definition
-families, genera and species
-created by Carl Linnaeus
-humans are more closely related to chimpanzees
-we're all the same until chordata/mammalia |
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Term
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Definition
-study of taxonomy
-to understand the relationship between TAXA (groups of organisms, we can still use similarity to lump taxa together. |
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Term
| two ways to group systematics |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-same bones but different functions. shared ancestry.
-EX: horse, dogs... |
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Term
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Definition
-similarity due to response to similar selection pressures.
-ex: bats, bird, insect...they all fly |
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Term
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Definition
| -change in the biology (gene) of a population over many generations. |
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Term
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Definition
response made to environment that increases reproduction success.
-FORM VS FUNCTION |
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Term
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Definition
-Evolution occurs through the process of NATURAL SELECTION
-environmental pressures present challenges to species so not all live to
reproduce.
-SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST |
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Term
| Charles Darwin's observations |
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Definition
-all organisms have potential for explosive population growth.
-deduction: must be struggle to live to adulthood. |
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Term
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Definition
| adaptive radiation. he found that some finches had thick beaks to eat seeds and some had smaller ones, so they ate leaves instead of seed. |
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Term
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Definition
| body mass increase as temperature decreases. (adaptation to environment |
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Term
| Human growth and development |
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Definition
-many things affect growth: diet, nutrition, disease...
-6-7 years old human grow fast (brain growth)
-overrall body growth is around 13 years old
-reproductive is 12-13
-menstrual cycle is around 16years old. |
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Term
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Definition
-reconstruct past behavior using material remains.
-after survey and excavating artifacts and notes must be processed and analyzed |
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Term
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Definition
| (GPR) a remoting sensing used to locate a site. |
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Term
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Definition
| looking for settlement patterns over a large area. |
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Term
| things you find when excavating |
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Definition
-artifacts
-ecofacts (bones, snail shells)
-features (fire, burial, house) |
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Term
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Definition
-ways to date
-created by Wullardm Libby in 1949 |
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Term
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Definition
-method of dating
-tree ring dating |
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Term
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Definition
-aka household, typically related to each other living in the same place.
-family: related through blood or marriage |
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Term
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Definition
| -basic: mother,father,children, step-father/mother, adapted children. |
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Term
| what are the two types of family? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-organized around blood relation that extends over several generations
-consanguineal (blood relatives) |
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Term
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Definition
-kinship through birth into a particular group
-affects and dictates: property rights, marriage practices, and who's viewed as an enemy or friend |
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Term
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Definition
-lineage: blood that can be traced
-clan: lineage too large that blood is symbolic rather than traceable. |
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Term
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Definition
-Uni-lineal: descent traced by one parent or gender.
-Bi-lineal: traced equally from both parents. |
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Term
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Definition
-60% of world culture
-mostly associeted with: pastoralism, horticulture, and agricultural mode of livelihood |
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Term
| two major types of unilineal descent |
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Definition
-Patrilineal (male line)
-Matrilineal (femail line) |
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Term
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Definition
-found in 45% of all cultures
-strongest versions found in: south Asia (India and Pakistan), and East Asia |
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Term
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Definition
-found among 15% of all cultures.
-found in North America, Southeast Asia, south pacific and Europe. |
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Term
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Definition
| married couples choose who they want to live with. Inheritance is allocated equally among children regardless of their gender. |
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Term
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Definition
-Patrilocal-
-Matrilocal
-Avunculocal
-Neolocal |
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Term
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Definition
couples live with male family
-PATRILINEAL DESCENT |
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Term
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Definition
-couples live with female family
-MATRILINEAL DESCENT |
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Term
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Definition
couples moves in with husband's mother's brother. common in matrilineal, woman are who you trace descent from but males are important too.
-MATRILINEAL DESCENT |
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Term
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Definition
-couples move away from their parents in a new residence.
-rare pattern but common in industrial north American society.
-BILINEAL DESCENT |
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Term
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Definition
| "culturally defined relationship established on the basis of blood ties or through marriage. |
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Term
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Definition
-Consanguineal: related by blood
-Affinal (conjugal): related by marriage
-Adoption: related by choice (can be by force) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Circle: female
-Triangle: male
-shaded in triangle= ego
'=' means marriage |
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Term
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Definition
| term 'aunts' and 'uncles' don't exist, instead are called 'fathers' and 'mothers' |
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Term
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Definition
| same as bilineal descent systems |
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Term
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Definition
'mother's brother' and 'father's brother' instead of uncle.
-father's children are 'brothers and sisters' and mother's children are 'cousins' (bifurcation) |
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Term
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Definition
| terms referring to mother's and father's side s of family are different. |
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Term
| Expanded bifurcate kinship |
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Definition
| example: Omaha and Crow kinship. |
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Term
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Definition
-parallel cousins
-cross cousins |
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Term
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Definition
-those linked two brothers or sisters (one which is the parent). example: Engid
- |
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Term
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Definition
| -those linked through a brother-sister pair. (one which is the parent). example: mahlet |
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Term
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Definition
-varies cross-culturally
-can create confusion for outsiders |
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Term
| early origins of holloween |
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Definition
-traced back to Gaelic/Celtic celebration of Samhhain
-celebration in honor of harvest
-preparation for the winter "dead season" |
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Term
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Definition
-October 31st marked boundary between fall and winter.
-Bonfires usually included in celebration bc it attracted insects which attracted bats. |
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Term
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Definition
-worshiped the goddess Pomona
-offered fruits, particularly APPLES |
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Term
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Definition
| -by pope Gregory III, in AD 731, to replace Samhain, honoring Saints instead of Pagant spirits |
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Term
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Definition
-celebrated the night before All Saints Day
(Nov 1st) |
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Term
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Definition
-Nov 2nd
-an attempt to completely eliminate Samhain |
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Term
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Definition
-tricked the devil with a cross
-jack was a theif
-gourds like pumpkins were more available instead of turnips to frighten away jack |
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Term
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Definition
| -to feed the 'wondering dead' |
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Term
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Definition
-'day of the dead'
-celebrating the dead (not fearing them)
-tribute to the goddess of death: Catrina |
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Term
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Definition
-customs, rules and obligations that establish a socially endorsed relationship between adults and children and between the kin groups of the married partners.
-means to solidify relationships |
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Term
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Definition
-who you CANT marry
-ex: Ju'hoansi restrict men with the same name as bride's father or brother |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-cousins marriage in some cultures
-education,age, height, wealth
-marriage gifts
-romantic love in some cultures |
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Term
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Definition
-marriage within a particular region or social category (clan, caste, tribe)
-ex: within your community |
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Term
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Definition
-marriage outside a particular region social category.
-utilized to reduce incest
-ensure alliances and expansion of resource access |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual activity with a close relative |
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Term
| Yanomamo case study marriage |
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Definition
-life long expectation of spousal options due to naming system.
-male refer to cross cousin females as 'wifes' and males as 'brother in law' and vise versa |
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Term
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Definition
brother and sister marriage was mandated within the royal lineage of the Egyptians of the pharaohs.
-Cleopatra married her brother |
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Term
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Definition
-Albert Einsten
-Queen Elizabeth and Prince Albert
-Franklin D Roosevelt
-Charles Darwin |
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Term
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Definition
-autosomal recessive disorder
- |
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Term
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Definition
-Tell Abraq (2200-2000 BC)
-United Arab Emarites
-127 children buried in a large tomb
-many 're-term' and new born infants
-long history of consanguinity in the region
-biological evidence: atlas and axis bones that were not formed or developed. |
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Term
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Definition
-sexual regulations
-social unit to provide for children
-economic unit
- |
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Term
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Definition
-case study in INDIA
-common in many societies for the latter reasons (social unit, economic...)
-caste system in India |
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Term
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Definition
-marriage between two people
- |
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Term
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Definition
| marriage to one spouse at a time, but many spouses over a lifetime. |
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Term
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Definition
| marriage with multiple spouses |
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Term
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Definition
one man and more than one woman
-the youngest wife holds the lower status
-sororal polygyny (a man marries sisters to maintain peace) |
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Term
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Definition
| one woman marries more than one man |
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Term
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Definition
| man marries his dead wife's sister. monogamy and polygyny |
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Term
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Definition
| woman marries her dead husband brother. often leads to polygyny |
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Term
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Definition
| the cultural practice where a man works for his bride's family for a variable length of time before or after marriage |
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Term
| bridewealth or bride price |
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Definition
| goods presented by the grooms family for the bride's family for marriage |
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Term
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Definition
| goods or payments by the bride's family to the groom's family for marriage. |
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Term
| example of family is a human universal |
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Definition
-labor and economic support
-care of children
-emotional support
-increase security against violence |
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Term
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Definition
| varies cross culturally and can create confusion for outsiders |
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Term
| culture shapes reproduction |
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Definition
-cultural guidlines
-government polocies (how many to have)
-International organization |
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Term
| 3 levels of fertility decision making |
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Definition
-family level
-state level
-global level |
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Term
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Definition
-economic cost of children
-children's labor value
-children's value as old age support for parent
-infant and mortality rate |
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Term
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Definition
-economic factors: labor factors
-maintaining the tax base, military, ethnic, and regional proportions
-providing public services
-dealing with population against
-ex: China's family planning |
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Term
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Definition
-religious teachings
-international relations and foreign aid.
(ex: US restriction to aid places that practice abortion) |
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Term
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Definition
-indigenous practice that existed long before modern science.
-herbal treatment, physical exercion
-widely used in China and Japan
-conflict with some religion perspective |
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Term
| Infanticide as family planning |
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Definition
-Active Infanticide
-Passive infanticide |
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Term
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Definition
| -direct action to kill the infant (usually a neonate), ex:strangled or exposed to the elements. |
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Term
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Definition
| -when children who could have been saved die. |
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Term
| optional foraging strategy |
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Definition
| rich and varied diet + leisure time |
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Term
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Definition
-desert in Africa
-woman can collect 30-50 pounds of food in 2 hours!
-23,000 kal (1 person for 10 days)
-men can collect 15-25 pounds of food in 4 hours (12,000 kal for 1 person for 5 days)
-DOWN SIDE: must move around bc food in that area will not be available |
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Term
| foraging mode of reproduction |
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Definition
-MODERATE birth and death rates
-value of children: MODERATE
-fertility control and long birth intervals
-1 pregnancy every 6 years
-low fat diet of women
-women get lots of exercise and work
-taboos of sexual activities after birth
-prolonged breastfeeding |
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Term
| agriculture demographic transition |
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Definition
-reliance on grains
-need for labor
-staying in one place over time
-PRONATALIST ideology (promoting birth of many children)
-HIGH rate of reproduction
-decreased birth spacing
-increased SPECIALIZATION: herbalist, midwives
-increase in maternal morbidity |
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Term
| Bio archaeological evidence of agriculture reproduction |
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Definition
-injuries on skulls
-more violence more contact
-more people, no burial
-factor is: DECREASE in birth spacing= HIGH birth rate
-increase in maternal morbidity |
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Term
| Demographic transition and Agriculture |
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Definition
-benefits and costs in CULTURAL evolution
-disease decreased
-complex web of factors (ecology, ideology, host resistance (immunization) and bio-cultural) |
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Term
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Definition
| the biological difference between male and female.(XX or XY, which defines physical characteristics) |
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Term
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Definition
a cultural construction that makes biological and physical differences into socially meaningful categories.
-is what the societies define as masculine or feminine, the body is less important |
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Term
| Cultural construction of gender |
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Definition
| -the result of historical, political and economic forces within each cultures. |
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Term
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Definition
| -numerous society recongnize and accept genders beyond males an females. |
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Term
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Definition
-berdache (two spirited)-simultaneously female or male
-Hijra- transgender/transsexual |
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Term
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Definition
-more equal when gathering is prominent
-less equal with hunting and fishing
-generally not much inequality- bc little warfare and trade.
-domestic and public spheres overlap-more transparency and no competition. |
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Term
| gender roles in agriculturist |
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Definition
-agricultural techniques usually completed by men
-sedentism decreased birth spacing, so often women were 'out of commission' for physical labor.
-greater distinctions between male and female domestic responsibilities- power stratification. |
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Term
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Definition
-European immigration changed the labor force- 'female' jobs were taken over by immigrant male and female
-WWII changed the labor force again- female temporally took over 'male' jobs but returned to domestic realm when soldiers returned. |
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Term
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Definition
-are cultural inventions
-established fictional boundaries within and between groups/subgroups (aka communities) |
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Term
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Definition
-originated with capitalism and colonialism
-ascribed and achieved status
- |
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Term
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Definition
-economic inequality
-social inequality
-gender inequality |
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Term
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Definition
| -disparities in assets and income caused by unequal distribution of wealth. |
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Term
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Definition
lack of access to structural systems
ex: housing, education, employment, health care, politics, opportunities |
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Term
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Definition
| disparities in access to resources based on gender identity |
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Term
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Definition
| hierarchical relationship among different groups including outright discrimination. |
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Term
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Definition
-formed by permanently ranked subgroups
-higher ranking groups have greater access to power, prestige, and wealth. |
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Term
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Definition
| ranked group defined primarily by wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| ranked group that is closed, prohibiting individuals moving from one caste to another |
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Term
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Definition
-social stratification linked by Hinduism (themes of purity and pollution)
-based on a person's birth into a particular group
-Vernas (5 major social category)
-maintained via social mechanism (marriage, spatial segregation, rituals) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Brahmans (priest)
2. Kshatriyas (warriors)
3. Vaishyas (merchants)
4. Shudras (laborers)
5. Dalits (untouchables, outcasts) |
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Term
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Definition
| individual position can be changed through achieved status- competition is encouraged |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of individual mobility- caste system and slavery |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of social positions of equal ranking |
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Term
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Definition
| movement from one social position to another of a different rank- often requires capital |
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Term
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Definition
| command of economic resources |
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Term
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Definition
| resources achieved through group memberships, influential networks, support from others... |
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Term
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Definition
| any advantage that gives higher status in society. ex: education, skills, knowledge |
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Term
| Race, Ethnicity and Status |
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Definition
-are all a factor of inequality
-reduced access to resources/services
-is often reinforced by the social structure= structure violence |
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Term
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Definition
| -applied anthropology approach using insights and practices from all sub-fields to understand and find solutions to health challenges |
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Term
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Definition
-western forms of knowledge and practice.
-explanaions accepts only material causes for ill health |
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Term
| cross cultural explaination |
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Definition
-includes many different causes:
spirit/deities
witchcraft
ex: Hadza epeme meat |
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Term
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Definition
| the notion of a bounded, self contained, autonomous self is not universal |
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Term
| non-bio medical understanding |
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Definition
| individual human beings are not understood to posses selves that are self-contained, closed off. ex: Christians prayer for wellness |
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Term
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Definition
| biological impairments identified and explained via bio-medicine (specific) |
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Term
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Definition
| forms of physical, mental or emotional distress experienced by individuals who may not subscribe to a bio medical perspective. (generalized) |
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Term
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Definition
| classification of distress as recognized by a cultural group. (group defined) |
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Term
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Definition
based on the sufferers own understanding of his or her distress. (individually defined)
-contrast both biomedical understandings of disease and local cultural categories of sickness. |
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Term
| biological and cultural evolution |
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Definition
| some medical anthropologists focus on BOTH the biological and cultural evolutionary context of human sickness and health ADAPTIVE VS MALADAPTIVE |
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Term
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Definition
-study of disease
-epidemic disease (ebola, bird flu)
-endemic disease (malaria, chicken pox)
-syndemic (more than one disease combined-HIV/AIDS) |
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Term
| 1st epidemiological transition |
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Definition
-increase in nutritional and infectious disease
-10,000 years ago
-agriculture and food production |
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Term
| 2nd epidemiological transition |
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Definition
-shift to chronic and degenerative disease (cancer)
-improved nutrition,public health and medicine in developed nations
- |
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Term
| 3rd epidemiological transition |
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Definition
-emergence of new diseases, re-emergence of infectious diseases (HIV)
-antibiotic resistance
-globalization
-Industrialization |
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Term
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Definition
-sickle cell anemia (maladaptive and adaptive)
-lactose intolerance and lactose persistent |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
results from the way that political and economic forces structure RISK FOR VARIOUS FORMS OF SUFFERING within a population..
-critical focus for medical anthropologist. |
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Term
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Definition
-stuctural violence
-embodied inequality
-process through which individuals are excluded from material resources and societal belongings. |
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Term
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Definition
| are a basic feature of the settings in which anthropologists do their research. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
results from the way that political and economic forces structure RISK FOR VARIOUS FORMS OF SUFFERING within a population..
-critical focus for medical anthropologist. |
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Term
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Definition
-stuctural violence
-embodied inequality
-process through which individuals are excluded from material resources and societal belongings. |
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Term
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Definition
| are a basic feature of the settings in which anthropologists do their research. |
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Term
| contemporary ethnographers |
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Definition
| investigate complex ways in which global processes articulate with features of local communities |
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Term
| global economy after the Cold War |
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Definition
-new social movements
-the rise of neoliberalism
-globalization |
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Term
| anthropological study of migration |
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Definition
-use applied anthropology to help migrant
-multi-sited research is important (micro-macro facts)
-challenges anthropologist |
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Term
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Definition
-going back and forth across national borders
-motivated by economic factors
-importance of remittances (payment back to people in origin country)
-questions of 'citizenship' and identity |
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Term
| Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) |
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Definition
-victims of persecution, natural disaster
-mainly political violence (ISIS) |
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Term
| Development induced displacement |
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Definition
victims of projects, such as dams, mines, shopping centers, urban growth
-ex "site of three Gorges Dam in China" |
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Term
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Definition
-victims of persecutions, natural disaster, other
-women and children are the majority refugees
-ex: Angelina Jolie in Chad
- |
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Term
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Definition
| dispersion of people from their original homeland |
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Term
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Definition
| -refers to the anxiety and feelings (of surprise, disorientation, confusion)felt when people have to operate with an unknown cultural or social environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of rights that should be accorded to all human beings everywhere in the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| -culture should be allowed to enjoy absolute, inviolable protection from interference from outsiders. |
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Term
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Definition
are intertwined and incredibly integrated
-both influence behaviors of a population and reinforce patterns within community. |
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