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1858-1917
Interested in functions of religion not descriptions
1.) binds people together
2.) establishes social order
3.)accentuates the transmission of culture
4.) separates objects: sacred and profane
5.)bolsters the society’s heritage
6.) answers existential questions and explains the natural world |
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384-322BC
o “Fixity of species” – according to Aristotle’s scale species were “fixed” and “immutable” |
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1581-1656
o Anglican archbishop
o Developed the chronology of life based on biblical text |
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1627-1705
o Classifies animals and plants based on similarities not dichotomies
o Seeks God through nature and observation |
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1743-1805
o “watchmaker analogy”- design requires a designer
o Observes animal behavior |
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1473-1543
o Formulates a heliocentric model of the universe |
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1564-1642
o Championed Copernicus’s heliocentric view of the universe
o Applies mathematics to the motion of objects
o Inertia gravity pendulums and telescopes
o Sunspots, moon craters, and the Milky Way |
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1643-1728
o 3 laws of motion
Inertia
Acceleration
Action & reaction
o Develops calculus
o Gravity
o Believes in the fixity of species |
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1707-1778
o Swedish botanist whom formally classified life using binomial nomenclature
o Systema Naturae (1758
o Classifies, describes, & documents 4400 animals &7700plants
o Places humans in the animal kingdom
o Classifies humans into 4 races based on geography, skin color, temperament & posture |
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1769-1832
o “founder of paleontology
o “founder” of comparative anatomy
o “founder” of catastrophism
Catastrophism- the earth has been shaken and shaped repeatedly by a series of catastrophes. These catastrophes have shaped the geological formations we observe
o Develops the concept of “fossils”
o Develops the concept of “extinction” |
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| natural processes shape the morphology of the earth |
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1726-1797
o “Father of Modern Geology”
o The Theory of the Earth (1785)
o Uniformitarianism
o The physical properties experienced by the earth today were occurring in the past
o The earth is old
o Earth was created by God |
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1797-1875
o Principles of Geology (1830)
o Provided detailed explanation of uniformitarian theory
o Obsercing present geological processes are the key to understanding the past
o The earth is ANCIENT and created by God
o Influential figure (and friend of Charles Darwin
o Never accepts Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection |
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1809-1992
o Independently develops the theory of Natural Selection |
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1766-1834
o Influential economist
o Wrote that human population growth will increase beyond its food supply leading to famine unless checked by wars, disease, or “moral” restraint |
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| 4 simple steps to Natural Selection |
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o 1) Overpopulation
o 2) inherited genetic variation within the population
o 3) those individuals with the “genes” or adaptations most suitable to their environment should survive and reproduce
o 4) offspring of individuals that reproduced physically resemble their parents |
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| intentional (sometimes unintentional) modification of a species by humans which encourage some traits over other traits via breeding |
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| interchange of alleles (genes) between and within populations |
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1822-1884
o “The Father of Modern Genetics”
o Augustinian Monk
o Conducts experiments on pea plants. Records his results and uses mathematical applications
o Trained physics, chemistry, mathematics, and biology
o Develops 2 laws in Biology
“Law of Segregation
“Law of Independent Assortment” |
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| Misapplication of Darwin's Theory |
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| Ernst Haeckel, Herbert Spencer, Francis Galton |
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| Secondary palatte (allows sucking), big brains, jaw cannot dislodge, |
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forward facing eyes
big brains
nails vs. claws
opposable thumb
postorbital bar closure
less emphasis on smell |
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| a taxonomic group that has a single common ancestor and includes all descendants of that ancestor- defined by diagnostic traits |
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| A group of closely related organisms that have evolved morphological and behavioral features enabling them to exploit different ecological niches, outcome of natural selection |
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| active intermittently throughout the day and night |
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| species that consume primarily fruits |
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| species that consume primarily leaves |
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| species that consume primarily exudates: gums, saps, & resins |
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| eating primarily invertebrates (insects) |
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| species that consume primarily grains or grasses |
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| species that incorporate several food types into their diet |
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| primates approximately less than 500 grams are predominantly insectivorous |
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• Long small intestine
• Broad incisors |
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• Well-developed molar shearing crests
• Complex stomach |
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• Sharp cusps
• Short simple gut |
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| “wet nose” primates that exhibit several primitive primate traits. This groups consists of the lemurs, lorises, and galagos |
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| “dry nose” primates. This group consists of the tarsiers, monkeys, and apes |
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| “flat nosed” primates. New World monkeys that exhibit larger brains, social groups and prehensile tails. All Platyrrhines are New World Monkeys |
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| Old World Monkeys and apes. This group includes humans. |
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