Term
| What force of microevolution increases homozygosity? Heterozygosity? Makes new DNA sequences? |
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Definition
| Genetic drift, gene flow, mutation |
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Term
| Why is it that we have about 170 mutations, and yet none of them are expressed? |
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Definition
| Redundancy in genetic triplet code, silent mutation |
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Term
Biomarker Type 0
Biomarker Type 1
Biomarker Type 2 |
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Definition
Ancestral/natural history
Drug activity markers
Surrogate makers
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Term
| Which biomarkers can be observed for signs of pathogenic invasion? |
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Definition
| antibodies, blood counts, blood types, etc |
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Term
Hunter/gatherer diseases
Agricultural diseases |
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Definition
mostly predation/injury, some zoonosis/food illnesses
more zoonosis, particularly related to agriculture (schistosomiasis) |
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Term
pre-industrial diseases
industrial diseases
modern diseases |
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Definition
poor sanitatoin-->cholera/typhoid, flu, measels, etc
endemic/pandemic/epidemic disease
chronic disease (diabetes, obesity, cancer) |
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Term
| Which are dominant, A/B/O? What is added to the H to make the A/B antigen? |
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Definition
A and B codominant, O recessive
Oligosaccharides (sugars) added from glycosyltransferase from ABO gene locus |
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Term
Which blood group type is more susceptible to smallpox? Plague? Cholera? E. Coli?
Which type do mosquitos prefer? |
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Definition
A/AB
Type O for the next 3
Type O |
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Term
Which Rh are we interested in for +/-? What does it do?
What situation may warrant pregnancy issues? |
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Definition
RhD. It's involved in the transport of ammonium/ammonia across membrane.
Mom is -, baby is +. Treat with Rhogam |
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Term
| What is Duffy involved in? What are the phenotypes? Which type is resistant to malaria? |
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Definition
Immune system. FYO, FYA, FYB (similar to ABO).
FYO resistant, since it denies expression of FY gene |
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Term
| What are the three types of serum proteins? |
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Definition
haptoglobins, transferrins, group specific components
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Term
| What does haptoglobin do? How many alleles? Are high haptoglobin levels or low levels associated with erythroblastosis fetalis? |
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Definition
binds to dissolved hemoglobin, prevents excretion from kidneys, increases with inflammation, ACUTE PHASE PROTEIN
2 alleles (1 and 2)
Low |
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Term
| What do transferrins do? How many alleles and which is most common? How is it related to immunity? |
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Definition
Transport Fe3+ around to where Hb and iron-making enzymes synthed.
3 (BCD), C most common
Present in mucosa, which reduces Fe3+ concentration for bacteria, decreases with inflammation |
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Term
| What do group specific components do? How many alleles? Which type is most common in areas with little sunlight? |
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Definition
Bind vit D.
2 alleles
GC*2 |
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Term
| Why are we concerned with APOE? Which is ancestral and which is most common? |
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Definition
It's important for transport of VLDL and LDL cholesterol, acts as co-enzyme. May be a risk indicator.
E4 is ancestral, E3 most common (assoc. with meat intake) |
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Term
| What is the immune system hierarchy? Explain it a little. |
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Definition
barriers---skin/mucus, prevents things from entering
innate--responds immediately, non-specific, prevents survival
acquired--kills before reproduction, specific |
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Term
| What are glycans? Where are they found? How are they related to a blood group system? What do they do? |
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Definition
Frucosylated oligosaccharides
Breast milk
The Lewis blood group of the mom codes for H-antigens, which attaches the fructose.
Act as a prebiotic to stimulate colonization of probiotics in gut lumen, protects newborn by preventing adhesion of pathogens. |
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Term
| How is the Lewis blood group manufactured? Where are the antigens secreted into? Where are they absorbed and from where? How many alleles? |
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Definition
In the tissues
Secreted into bodily fluids
Absorbed into red blood cell from blood plasma
2 alleles (Le dominant) |
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Term
How are the Lewis and Secretor systems related?
Are secretors or non-secretors more prone to colonization by pathogens (like Heliobacter pylori)? |
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Definition
The Lewis and Secretor systems are both made outside of the red blood cell. In order for the Lewis antigen (Le) to be absorbed onto the RBC, an individual MUST ALSO BE A SECRETOR (Se).
Non-secretors since can't secrete blood type into digestive tract |
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Term
| What attacks unencapsulated bacteria in the respiratory system? How does it kill them? |
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Definition
Lysosomes
By breaking down their cell wall components |
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Term
| What is a leukocyte? How many types are there? How do you make more of them? Are they specific or non-specific? |
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Definition
White blood cell, 5 types
Synthesized through stem cells in bone marrow, non-specific |
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Term
What are lymphocytes? Name all of them.
How do some of them differ? |
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Definition
A type of leukocyte. B-cells, T-cells, Natural Killer cells
structure, genes that encode them, epitopes (specific)
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Term
| What does a B-cell do? How does it kill a pathogen? How are helper T-cells related to B-cell activity? |
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Definition
Binds H2O soluble antigens, which are engulfed and broken up into pieces. Pieces are expressed on the outside as MHC II proteins.
Helper T-cells bind to fragments and promote B-cell cloning, which turn into plasma cells and make antibodies |
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Term
Where do T-cells mature? What is on a mature T-cell?
What do CD8's bind to? CD4's? |
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Definition
Thyamus cortex, CD4 or CD8 attached along w/ mature TCR
MHC 1(CYTOTOXIC), MHC2 specific antigen cells |
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Term
| What is cell-mediated immunity? Antibody-mediated? |
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Definition
T-cells bind to antigen, release LYMPHOKINES to attract other cells, leads to inflammation.
B-cell cloning and antibody creation |
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Term
What are the 3 steps of inflammation?
What do cytokines do?
What does the complement system do? |
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Definition
1. attract immune cells, 2. produce chemical barrier, 3. promote repair
fever, attract immune cells, increases capillary permeability
recruits phagocytes to bind to cells and ASPLODE THEM |
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Term
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Definition
mostly in membrains, particularly respiratory and GI. important in protecting newborns
most abundant, found in all fluid, CAN PASS THROUGH PLACENTA
blood and lymph fluid, first responder to infection |
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Term
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Definition
lungs/skin/mucus membranes, mostly allergic reactions, ASSOCIATED WITH HYGIENE HYPOTHESIS
least understood, minute amounts in blood
part of antibody monomer, binds to complement or other cell
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Term
| Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity |
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Definition
| Pathogen surrounded with antibodies w/ Fc portion sticking out. NK's with complement binding site join, target cell lysed. USED FOR LARGE CELLS |
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