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Definition
| A group of people that share a way of speaking. -Gomperz |
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Term
The 4 Aspects of Language
Gomperz |
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Definition
1) Language Choice
2) Phonology (sound)
3) Syntax (grammar)
4) Lexicon (Word Choice) |
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Term
Communicative Competence
-Hymes |
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Definition
In order to have competence in a language you need to know the social graces, too
Environment in which the conversation is taking place also affects the meaning |
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Term
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Definition
Idea of a relationship between the language people speak and the way they understand their experience
Sometimes called "Linguistic Determinism"
Synonymous with Sapir/Whorf hypothesis
[Language]---->[Thought] |
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| Nuanced View Linguistic Relativity |
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Definition
[Language]<--->[Thought]<--->[Culture]
*additional arrow between lg and culture forming triangle
Lg might precondition thought but isn't deterministic |
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Definition
| The process by which two or more disparate items are made commensurable on a given dimension. |
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| The Rhetoric of Language Preservation |
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Definition
"Losing a language is losing an entire culture."
"These languages 'belong to humanity' and their loss is everyone's loss." |
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| Hill's 3 Terms for Lg Crisis |
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Definition
1) Universal Ownership
2) Hyperbolic Valorization
3) Enumeration
Hill believes changing these 3 aspects will lead to more humanitarian efforts in Lg Crisis |
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Term
| Linguistic/Language Ideologies |
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Definition
| The way we link social and linguistic relationships together with their loading of moral and political interests |
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Term
| Standard Language Ideology |
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Definition
| Idea that there is one 'standard' or 'correct' way of speaking; linguistic variation is incorrect |
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Term
| 2 ideologies of Lg authority |
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Definition
1) Authenticity
2) Anonymity |
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Term
Linguistic Hegemony
-Lippi-Green |
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Definition
| Idea that we are complicit in our own linguistic subordination |
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Term
| Salvage Anthropology (Boas/Sapir/Whorf) |
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Definition
| Documentation of Lg's, their tales, words, sentences, as well as numbers systems, etc. |
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Term
| Kroskrity's 5 characteristics of Lg ideologies |
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Definition
1) Perception of Lg
2) Inherent multiplicity of Lg
3) Varying degrees of awareness of Lg ideologies
4) Lg ideologies mediate between structure and form
*Iconicity, Fractal Recursivity, Erasure
5) Lg ideologies are used in the creation of national/ethnic/religious etc. identities |
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Term
| Kroskrity 1: Perception of Lg |
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Definition
-Evaluation of what is 'true' or 'pleasing'
-Perceptions of linguistic differences themselves |
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Term
| Kroskrity 2: Inherent multiplicity of Lg id |
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Definition
| Lg ideologies are not shared across cultures |
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Term
| Kroskrity 3: Varying degrees of awareness of Lg ideologies |
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Definition
-Sites of metapragmatic awareness (explicit)
- Ideological production (implicit) |
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Term
| Kroskrity 4: Language ideologies mediate between structure and form |
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Definition
- Iconicity-> Interpretation of lg form as a reflection of how a group acts
- Fractal Recursivity-> oppositions at one level are projects at another
- Erasure -> Selective attention to some aspects, erasing others |
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Term
| Kroskrity 5)Lg identities are used in the creation of national/ethnic/religious gorups |
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Definition
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Term
| Difference b/t speech and language communities |
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Definition
-Speech communities are constituted through shared linguistic ideologies
-Language communities are groups of people that speak the same language |
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Term
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Definition
1) Folk Theory
2) Critical Theory (Hill's Theory) |
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| Presumptions of Folk Theory |
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Definition
1) Biology: Races are biologically distinct, geographic populations formed by evolution
2) Individuals beliefs/intentions/actions are key and are the things that make people racist
3) Prejudice is natural to the human condition |
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Term
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Definition
Acts that help support the structures that privilege whites over other races
-anyone of any race can do this |
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Term
| 4 projects of racism (Critical/Hill Theory) |
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Definition
1) Production of a taxonomy of human types
2) Assignment of individuals to types: 'racialization'
3) Arrangement of types in a hierarchy
4) Movement of resources,both material and symbolic, from the bottom to the top |
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Term
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Definition
| Of the many ways of saying something, there is only one 'correct' way |
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Definition
Ideology that the most important part of linguistic meanings comes from the beliefs/intentions of the speaker
e.g. "I didn't mean it' |
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Definition
| A word has a single correct meaning based on history |
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Term
| Referentialism Lg ideology |
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Definition
-Words have stable fixed meanings
-Words stand for things in the world
-Words can be used in ways that are 'accurate' or 'inaccurate' |
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Term
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Definition
-Focus in the effect on the listener
-Words can wound others
-E.g. 'hate speech' |
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Term
| Semiotic Theory of Identity |
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Definition
What we commonly refer to as identity is composed of 2 parts:
1) Self-conception
2) How you are read by others |
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Term
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Definition
Reading the signs a person gives off, e.g. smile or frown
Leads to creation of "Model of Personhood" |
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Term
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Definition
-Words so toxic, even mentioning them is taboo
-With slurs, the word holds the weight
-Model of Personhood: a person who uses specific words that are racist |
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Term
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Definition
-Basically a slur, but the speaker is not seen as intending to be racist, but still using racist epithets
- Inappropriate but not seen as reflecting the speakers beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| Emergent links that may not be intentional, e.g. "American beats Kwan", "Americans still prejudiced against blacks" |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Individual items can only be understood in terms of role of system
-System underlies what we can observe
-Though we may not be able to view the system, we still work within it |
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Term
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Definition
| Formal System of language |
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Term
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Definition
-The realization of language in actual talk
- Source of change in a lg |
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| Phatic function of language |
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Definition
| Channel: Testing, 1-2-3, greetings |
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| Expressive function of language |
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Definition
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| Conative function of languageing |
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Definition
| Addresse: Questions, commands, vocatives |
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Term
| Referential function of language |
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Definition
| 3rd person, events, context: "There is a drought in California |
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Term
| Poetic function of Language |
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Definition
| Message: Rhyme, alliteration, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lg about Lg: "I was just vent", "Don't worry, it was just a joke." |
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