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Definition
| The study of humanity, including prehistoric origins and contemporary human diversity. |
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| The study of humans as biological organisms, including evolution an dontemporary variation. |
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| the study of past human culturs through their material remains. |
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| The study of human communication, including its origins, history, and contemorary variation and change. |
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| The study of living peoples and their cultures, including variation and change. |
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| People's learned and shared behaviors and beliefs. |
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| The use of anthropoligical knowledge to prevent or solve problems or to shape and achieve policy goals. Either a 5th separate field or should be included in each field. |
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| The study of non-human members of the order of mammals called primates. |
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| the study of human evolution on the basis of the fossil record. |
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| contemporary human biological variation |
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Definition
| defining, measuring and explaining differences in the biological make up and behavior of contemporary humans. |
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| study of the human past before written records. |
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| study of the human past with written records. |
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| the study of language change over time and how languages are realated. |
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| descriptive linguistics/structural linguistics |
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Definition
| the study of how contemporary languages differ in terms of their formal structure. |
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| the study of the relationships among social variation, social context, and linguistic variation, including nonverbal communication. |
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| Primatologist who studies orangutans in Borneo and Sumatra and focuses on their preservation. |
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| The view that a culture is similar to a biological organism, in which parts work to support the operation and maintenance of the whole. Developed by Bronislaw Malinowski. |
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| The view that one must study all aspects of a culture in order to understand it. |
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| Considered the founder of North American culutral anthropology. Created cultural relativism, the view that cultures must be understood in terms of the values and ideas of that culture and not be judged by the standards of antoher. |
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| the view that cultures must be understood in terms of the values and ideas of that culture and not be judged by the standards of antoher. Developed by Franz Boas |
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| a theoretical postition that takes material features of life, such as teh environment, natural resources, and mode of production, as the basis for explaining social organization and ideology. |
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| interpretive anthropology/interpreivism |
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Definition
| the view that cultures can be understood by studying what people think about, their ideas, and the maning that are important to them. |
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| a theorectical position concerning human behavior and ideas that says large forces ushc as the economy, social and political organization, and the media shape what people do and think. |
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| the ability of humans to make choices and exercise free will even within dominating structures. |
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| a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found wihtin larger cultures. |
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| The study of culture as a system of meanings. |
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| Universal human functions to stay alive |
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Definition
Eating
Drinking
Sleeping
Eliminating
*sex is not included because you don't have to do this to stay alive only to reproduce. |
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Definition
an object, word, or action with culturally defined meaning taht stands for something else; most symbols are arbitrary.
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| increased and intensified international ties related to the spread of Western, especially United States, capitalism that affect all world cultures. |
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| the transformation of global culture by local cultures into something new. |
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| a way of categorizing people on the basis of their economic position in society, usually measured in terms of income or wealth |
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| argument: the spread of Euro-american capitalism an dlifeways throughout the owrld has created disenchantment, alienation and resentment among other cultures. "The West and the rest" |
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Definition
Argument: under the powerful influence of US-dominated corporate culture, the world is becoming culturally homogenous.
"Fast food culture" - principles of mass production, speed, standardization, and impersonal service. |
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| a calssification of people into groups on the basis of supposedly homogeneous and largely superficial biological traits such as skin color or hair characteristics. Biologically incorrect. |
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| a shared sense of identity among a group based on heritage language or cultue |
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| groups who have a long-standing connection with their home territory that predates colonial or outside societies that prevail in that territory. |
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| judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture rather than by the standards of that particular culture. |
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Definition
| culturally constructed and learned behaviors and ideas attributed to males, females or blended genders. |
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| absolute cultural relativism |
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Definition
| whatever goes on in a particular culture must not be questioned or changed because it would be ethnocentric to question any behavior or idea anywhere. |
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| critical cultural relativism |
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Definition
| posing questions about cultural practices and ideas in terms of who accepts them and who and who they might be harming or helping. |
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| one dominant group clamed supremacy over minority cultures and took actions in its own interestes and at the expense of the subjugated cultures. |
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| probe underlying power interests not just ot offer negative comments as in teh gneral useage of the term criticism. |
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| a theory that explains human behavior and ideas mainly as shaped by biological features such as genes and hormones. |
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Definition
| a theory that explains human behavior and ideas mainly as shaped by learning. |
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| 3-level model to explain culture |
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Definition
superstructure - ideas, values, and beliefs.
structure - social organization, kinship, and political organization
infrastructure - a term that refers to basic material factors such as natural resources, the economy, and population. Tends to shape the other domains. |
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Definition
| the process by which organisms better adapted to the environment reproduce more effectively compared with less adapted forms. |
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| inherited and cumulative change in the characteristics of a species, population, or culture. |
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| the preserved remains of a plant or animal of the past. |
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| a portable object made or modified by humans |
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| an order of mammals that includes modern humans |
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| the preference for living in groups and interacting regularly with members of the same species. |
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| obtaining food available in nature through gathering hunting or scavenging. |
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| the physical form of something |
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Definition
Fruit eaters
- large front teeth
- long small intenstine
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Definition
leaf eaters
- big flat teeh
- big large intestine
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Definition
insect eaters
- high sharp cusps on molars to crunch insect exoskeletons
- small bodied to catch bugs
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gums and saps of trees eaters
- big lower incisors to scrape the trees.
- big large intestine
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"all" food eaters
- lack specialized dental or gut morphology.
- ex. humans
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| How many years ago did the great apes and humans share a common ancestor? |
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| a category of large and tailess primates that includes orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans. |
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| arboreal travel, using the forelims to swing from branch to branch, that is distinct to apes. |
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Definition
| a form of terrestrial travel taht involves walking flat footed while supporting the upper body on the front of fingers bent beyond the knuckles. |
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| a category of primates that includes modern humans and extinct species of early human ancestors that are more closely related to humans than to living chimpanzees and bonobos. |
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| a category of several extinct hominin species found in Eat and Central Africa that lived between 4.5 and 3 mya |
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| What is the oldest known hominin fossil so far? |
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Definition
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
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| a category of several extinct hominin species that lived from 2.4 mya to 19,000 ya and is characterized by different stone tool traditions depending on the species. |
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| oldest hominin toolkit. core tools and flake tools. |
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Definition
| toolkit used by H. erectus. hand axes. |
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Definition
| the toolkit of Neanderthals. small light and more specialized flake tools such a points, scrapers and awls. |
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| the period of modern human occupation in Europe and Eurasia. 45,000 - 12,000 ya. microlithic tools and prolific cave art and portable art. |
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| The first modern humans in Europe. 40,000 ya. |
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Definition
| New World population characterized bythe clovis point. 11,000 ya in US |
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| a lifestyle associated with residence in permanent villages, towns, and cities, generally linked with the emergence of farming. |
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Definition
| a process by which human selection causes changes in teh gentic material of plants and animals |
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| a time of rapid transformation in technology, related to plant and animal domestication. sickle blades and grinding stones. |
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| a human made mound. successive generations of housing and trash. |
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| research in teh field, which is an place where people and culture are found |
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Definition
| basic fieldwork method that involves living in a culture for a long period of time while gathering data. |
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Definition
| fieldwork conducted in more than one location in order to understand the behaviors and ideas of dispersed members of a culture or teh relationships among different levels such as state policy and local culture. |
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Definition
| an aspect of fieldwork ethics requiring that the researcher inform the research participants of the intent, scope and possible effects of the study and seek their consent to be studied. |
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| a trading network, linking many of the trobriand islands. men have a longstanding partnership for the exchange of everyday goods such as food as well as highly valued necklaces and armlets. |
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Definition
| a trusting relationship between the researcher and the study population. |
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Definition
| pesistent feelings of uneasiness, loneliness and anxiety that often occur when a person has shifted from one culture to a different one. |
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Definition
| a reasearch method that involves posing a research quesiton or hypothesis, gathering data and assessing the findings in relation to the original hypothesis. |
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Definition
| a research method that avoids hypothesis formation in advance of the research and instead takes its lead from the culture being studied. |
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| an analytical framework used by outside analysts in studying culture |
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| research bias due to participants changing their behavior to conform to the expectations of the researcher. |
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| local understanding of the environment, climate, plants and animals. |
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Definition
| a firsthand detailed description of a living culture based on personal observation. |
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Definition
| the conveying of meaningful messages from one person, animal, or insect to another |
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| a form of communication that is a systematic set of learned symbols and signs shared among a group and passed on from generation to generation. Spoken signed or written. |
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| a feature of human language that offers the ability to communicate many messages efficiently. string together phonemes and morphemes. |
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Definition
| a form of oral communication among non-human primates with a set repertoire of meaningful sounds generated in response to environmental factors. |
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Definition
| a feature of human language that allows people to talk about events in the past and future and that which exists only in the mind such as fantasy and fiction. |
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Definition
| a sound that makes a difference for meaning in a language |
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Definition
| complex verbs and rich and varied uses of stress and intonation |
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Definition
| the study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences in particular cultural contexts. |
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Definition
| a form of communication that uses mainly hand movements to convey messages. |
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| critical media anthropology |
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Definition
| an approach within the cross-cultural study of media that examines how power interests shape people's access to medi and the contents of its messages. |
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Definition
| social inequality in access to new and emerging info technology, notably access to up-to-date computers, the internet and training related to their use. |
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| theory - language determines thought |
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Definition
| theory - culture and society and a person's social position determine language. |
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| critical discourse analysis |
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| the study of the relations of power and inequality in language. |
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Definition
| a question seeking affirmation, placed at the end of a sentence. |
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| the study of language change using formal methods that compare shifts over time and across space in aspects of language such a phonetics, syntax and semantics |
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Definition
| languages descended from a parent language |
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| a symbol that conveys meaning througha form or picture resembling that to which it refers |
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Definition
| cords of knotted strings used during the Inca empire for keeping accounts and recording events. |
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| a contact language that blends elements of at least two languages and that emerges when people with different languages need to communicate. |
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| a language directly descended from a pidgin but possessing its own native speakers and involving linguistic expansion and elaboration. |
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| global language/ world language |
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Definition
| a language spoken widely throughout the world and in diverse culural contexts, often replacing indigenous languages. |
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Definition
| condition of a lnaguage in which speakers adopt a new language for most situations, begin to use their native language only in certain contexts, and may be only semi-fluent and have limited vocabulary in their native language. |
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Definition
| condition of a language when it has fewer than 10,000 speakers. |
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| condition of a language when speakers abandon it in favor of a new language to the extent that the native language loses functions and no longer has competent users. |
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| 7 characteristics of culture |
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Definition
1. Culture is learned - explicit instruction; tacit modeling (memisis); competency is gradual; durably installed; can't know everything
2.Culture is symbolic and shared - symbols are arbitrary and conventional
3. Culture mediates Nature - Natural experiences and precesses aquire normative meaing and expression thru cultural practices
4.Culture is all encompassing - ppl see their lives as "normal" and others as exotic
5.Cultures are integrated but not perfectly - include textual factors of human life; stress in one part of the system will stress others; systems are never static
6. people use culture actively and creatively - ppl manipulate the rules to their own ends
7. Culture can be adaptive and maladaptive - ppl try to make positive adaptations but can have negative effects; benefits and burdens unevenly distributed. |
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| have several contending meanings |
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| POV of the insider; the culture bearer |
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| POV of scientific inquiry and analysis |
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Definition
1. language is learned as part of socialization
2. language is shared with a community
3. language is symbolic
4. language allows for displacement
5.language allows for productivity
6. culture and language are inextricably bound together |
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