Term
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Definition
| shared similarities due to common decent, because we share direct ancestry with great apes, it would seem reasonable that if we want to understand humans, we can look at primates |
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Term
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Definition
different ways in which ecological factors lead to variation
convergence
differences in body size, diets, locomotion is different (what are the ecological pressures that lead to these differences?) |
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Term
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Definition
monopolizable resources
fertalizable female |
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Definition
unmonopolizable resources
watering hole is not easily defendable
indirect competition, first-come, first-serve |
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Term
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Definition
| Altruism is favored when costs are lower than benefits (discounted by relatedness), Altruism should be limited to kin, Closer kinship facilitates more costly altruism |
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Term
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Definition
When primates exploit food that are difficult to extract.
Ex: puncturing an eggshell and extracting its contents or poking a hole in a termite mound to get termites. |
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Term
| 2 female counterstrategies to infanticide by males |
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Definition
Confuse Paternity because infanticide is usually only committed when the male is positive it is not his infant
1. Females mate with a number of different males while they are receptive
2. Females continue to mate during pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum of an organism's classical fitness (how many of its own offspring it produces and supports) and the number of equivalents of its own offspring it can add to the population by supporting others |
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Definition
| altruism among individuals can evolve if altruistic behavior is balanced between partners over time |
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Term
| Conditions for reciprocal altruism to occur |
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Definition
1. have an opportunity to interact often
2. have the ability to keep track of the support given and received
3. provide support only to those who help them |
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Term
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Definition
fruit eater
broad incisors
low rounded molar cusps
long small intestine
ex: Bornean Orangutan |
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Term
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Definition
leaf eater
well-developed molar molar shearing crests
small incisors
large cecum
complex stomach
enlarged large intestine
ex: Howler Monkey |
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Term
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Definition
nsect eater
sharp cusps
short, simple gut
ex: Marmosets |
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Definition
gum eater
stout incisors
long cecum
ex: Galagos |
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Term
| What determines an individual’s energetic requirements? |
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Definition
body size
metabolism
reproductive status
nutrients resources |
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Term
| Give two reasons why anthropologists study non-human primates. |
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Definition
1.Closely related species tend to be similar morphologically, giving more incite into the behavior of our ancestors (homology)
2. Natural selection leads to similar organisms in similar environments (analogy) |
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Term
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Definition
| Life in trees was responsible for enhanced visual activity and manual dexterity in primates |
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Term
| Visual Predation Hypothesis |
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Definition
| Orbital convergence, grasping hands and feet, and reduced claws were an adaptation for the nocturnal foraging for fruit and insects on terminal branches in the shrub layer of the forest. Orbital convergence would assist in gauging the prey's distance without having to move the head much like seen in modern day owls |
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Term
| Angiosperm Co-Evolution Hypothesis |
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Definition
| This theory says that the adaptive radiation primates occurred with the radiation of angiosperms (flowering plants) that offered new opportunities and an unexplored niche. The early primates were omnivores that were able to feed on objects such as fruits, flowers, gums, nectars, and insects that fed upon these plant parts. The stereoscopic vision evolved to discriminate between food items at low levels of light and handling them would have necessitated better hand-eye coordination |
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Term
| Angiosperm Co-Evolution Hypothesis |
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Definition
| This theory says that the adaptive radiation primates occurred with the radiation of angiosperms (flowering plants) that offered new opportunities and an unexplored niche. The early primates were omnivores that were able to feed on objects such as fruits, flowers, gums, nectars, and insects that fed upon these plant parts. The stereoscopic vision evolved to discriminate between food items at low levels of light and handling them would have necessitated better hand-eye coordination |
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Term
| What are the three main proximate threats endangering primates? |
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Definition
1. Habitat Destruction
2. Hunting
3. Live capture for trade and export |
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Term
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Definition
Ecological role of species
How they make a living
Diets
“nocturnal arboreal insectivore” |
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Term
| Competitive Exclusion Principle |
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Definition
| No two species can occupy the same niche |
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Term
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Definition
-High rainfall: 68-78 inches
-High biodiversity
-4 layers
emergent layer
canopy layer
understory layer
forest floor |
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Term
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Definition
-Rainfall is concentrated into a wet, or rainy, season, which is called a monsoon
-Extremely varied animals live there
-Ex: in Asia, which has the largest area of this type of forest, the habitat supports elephants, monkeys, leopards, and tiger. |
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Term
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Definition
-Grassland ecosystem
-Trees are sufficiently small or widely spaced so that the canopy does not close
-Savanna covers 20% of the Earth’s land area.
-Not enough rain falls on a savanna to support forests.
-Savannas have warm temperature year round
-There are two very different seasons in a savanna; a very long dry season (winter), and a very wet season (summer).
-Most of the animals on the savanna have long legs or wings to be able to go on long migrations. Many burrow under ground to avoid the heat or raise their young |
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Term
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Definition
-Less than 10 inches of rainfall per year
-Have a moisture deficit (i.e. they can potentially lose more than is received)
-Contain animals that remain hidden during daylight hours to control body temperature or to limit moisture needs.
-Most desert plants are salt-tolerant
-In hot deserts the temperature in the daytime can reach 113 °F or higher in the summer, and dip to 32 °F or lower at nighttime in the winter |
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Term
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Definition
| helping someone else when it does not directly benefit you |
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Term
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Definition
| only doing things that benefit yourself |
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Term
| Describe the relationship between body size and diet in primates. |
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Definition
Bigger animals are going to eat a higher quantity of food while smaller animals are going to eat a small quantity of high quality food.
Size goes from Leaf eaters, then fruit eaters, then insect eaters |
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Term
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Definition
-Alleles can become fixed or spread in a population because of the benefits they bestow on groups, regardless of the alleles' effect on the fitness of individuals within that group.
-Theory that altruism occurs between groups that are not kin. |
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Term
| Why are male mammals more likely not to be involved in the caring of offspring (relative to female investment in offspring)? |
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Definition
-When they can easily use their resources to acquire many additional matings
-When caring for their offspring would not appreciably increase the offspring’s fitness |
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