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Undertook a mapping project of Teotihuacan. It provided a complete map of the entire urban area of the city (over 8 sq. miles of the city/densely packed square layout).
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Excavated area around the Pyramid of the Moon. Found decapitated heads in tombs.
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Cave underneath pyramid; signifies emerging from the underworld.
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| Temple of Quetzacoatl, modeled after Maya E Group, rulers would each have their own palaces (multiple palaces) |
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| Temple of Quetzalcoatl (Feathered Serpent) |
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Repeating patterns of:
-rain bringing serpent of east
-representations of wind who brings rain/agricultural fertility
-also carries the sun up into the sky@dawn> serves as road of sun
-a bunch of carved heads around the temple that depict Quetzalcoatl (feathered serpent), Tlaloc (rain god), Quetzalpapalotl (butterfly god), and jaguars.
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1)Burgeoning ceremonial center/pilgrimage site
2)Irrigation and increased agricultural stability
3)Control of important obsidian quarries (Pachuga, Hidalgo)
4)Ideal location for trade corridors
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-composed of a bunch of squares
-central patio altar (slide)
-buildings w/murals “spider woman”(K. Taube);man w/net and shells diving
-song or speech scrolls tipped w/flowers poetry/song equaling flowery speech
-room w/eagle’s heads w/hearts in mouth (wallpaper-like look)
-Mayan writing was found here
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-great goddess
-a place for teaching children
-scenes from children’s games (ballgames even though there were no ballcourts at Teotihuacan)
-flower mountain relation?
-there was a butterfly on a stick
-people chasing butterflies w/branches
-stick ball games
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| as an adminstrative node; apartment compounds represented as squares. “La Plaza de los Glifos” (Plaza of the Glyphs) |
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(AD 200-400)
-apartment compounds
-almenas=>roof ornaments that represent mountains
-greenstone figurines w/devo hats
-drains!
-Could have been housing for the poor? Slums?
-Palace of Quetzalpapalotl (butterfly) near moon pyramid=>murals/flowers
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(Tlailotlacan)
-Zapotec style architecture
-east tomb/north tomb
-Zapotec tomb @105
-Zapotec style writing
-monument 3 “one eye”
-Zapotec sculptures/pottery/figurines
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(Xocotitla)
-circular houses (Veracruz)
-Teotuhuacan/Maya area..bird (quetzal) depictions w/spear and shields
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| Relationship with the Maya |
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-Maya style figures depicted in Teotihuacan murals (recessed chins)
-Maya writing in Tetitla
-Mundo perdido(Tikal pyramid)
-Tikal Stela 31:Tikal ruler dressed as Teotihuacan warrior; possible takeover of Tikal dynasty by Teotihuacan
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End of Metepec
-AD 750
-increasing beaurocracy
-relatively bloodless, but people in Cuidadela slaughtered (millon)
Coxotlatelco
-AD 750-1000
-no longer apt. cmpds.
-smaller dwellings, Street of the Dead abandoned
-About 30k @ Teotihuacan but dispersion of population in Valley of Mexico
Cuidadela
-all temples burned, bodies ritual destruction
-not random pillaging, but methodical
-heart of city burned
-Street of the Dead and temples and associated bldgs
-for more than a mile
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| A type of architecture (plataforma adosada) doble-escapulario (monte alban, oaxaca) |
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-Morturary bundle of deceased warrior.
-Warriors resurrection at dawn.
-Sahagun “awakes as other animals if died a heroic death”
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compromise the vast majority of Teotihuacan. Large single-story bldgs w/flat rooves
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| Contain smaller figurines inside |
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- Temple of quetzalcoatl. Teotihuacan ceramics. Butterfly warrior. Sacred eastern hill/mountain where the sun emerges at dawn
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- Rain-bringing serpent of the east (representation of wind, who brings rain and agricultural fertility), also carries the sun up into the sky at dawn (serves as the “road” of the Sun)
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| - NOT Tlaloc, represents death, violence and war. Remains found under serpent, collared necklaces of human mandibles(maxillae roof of the mouth), 260 people sacrificed as dedication to pyramid, buried in large pits, arms tied behind backs, wearing military garb, iron pyrite back mirrors, shell collars imitating human teeth and jawbones(both real and fake), obsidian dart points. |
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| What do Anthropologists study? |
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| the study of humankind in all times and places. |
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| Cultural, Physical, Linguistics, and Archaeology |
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| A person that studies the origins and predecessors of the present human species, the study of human evolution. |
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| A person that studies the living and fossil primates. |
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| healing Crystal that uses that method for identifying the approximate time the languages branched off from a common ancestor it is based on analyzing core vocabularies |
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| The Barrel Model of Culture |
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| environment to infrastructure to social structure and superstructure |
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| Culture is learned, shared, based on symbols and gives meaning to reality. |
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| an instinctive sound or gesture that has a natural or self-evident meaning. |
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| 3 types of gendered division of labor |
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| Flexible/integrated pattern, dual sex configuration and segregated pattern. |
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| Differences between child rearing in the U.S. vs traditional food foraging societies |
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| Native American Views on 3rd Gender |
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| A detailed description of a particular culture primarily based on fieldwork. |
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| A fundamental principle of anthropology that the various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand the interconnections and interdependence. |
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| a tentative explanation of the relationship between certain phenomena |
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| worldwide interconnectedness, evidence of global movements of Natural Resources, trade Goods,human labor, Finance capital, information, and infectious diseases. |
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| patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts. |
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| a study of cultures of the recent past through oral histories accounts of the Explorers missionaries and Traders and Analysis of Records such as Land Titles birth and death records and other actival materials |
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| the use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems in communities confronting new challenges. |
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| the investigation and documentation of peoples and cultures and embedded in the larger structures of a globalizing world, utilizing and range of methods in various locations of time and space. |
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| ethnographic research the documents endangered cultures also known as Salvage ethnography. |
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research that is community-based and politically involved.
Committed to social justice and human rights. |
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| a society in which two or more ethnic groups are nationalities are politically organized into one Territorial state lamenting the cultural differences. |
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| a distinctive set of ideas, values, and behavior patterns by which a group within the larger society operates, while still sharing common standards with the larger society. |
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| the idea that one must suspend judgement of other people's practices in order to understand them in their own cultural terms. |
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| In ethnography,the technique of learning is people's culture through social participation and personal observation within the community being studied as well as interviews and discussion with individuals members of the group over an extended period of time. |
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| The belief that the ways of one's own culture are the only proper ones. |
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| The cultural elaborations and meanings assigned to the biological differentiation between the sexes. |
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| a member of the society being studied who provides information that helps researchers understand the meaning of what they observe; early Anthropologists referred to such individuals as informants. |
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| non statistical information such as personal life stories and customary beliefs and practices. |
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| Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) |
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| a vast collection of cross index ethnographic and Archeology old data catalogued by cultural characteristics and Geographic locations; archived in about 300 libraries. |
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| a population or group of populations have in common attributes and the ability to interbreed and produce live, fertile offspring. Different species are reproductively isolated from one another. |
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| the study of language sounds |
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| a system of notating and analyzing postures, facial expressions, and body motions that convey messages |
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| the attempt by ethnic minorities and even countries to Proclaim independence by purging their language of foreign terms. |
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| a branch of linguistics that studies the relationships between language and culture and how they mutually influence and inform each other. |
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| changing from one motor switch to another as the situation demands, whether from one language to another or from one dialect of a language to another, |
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| Egyptian Hieroglyphs- when they first arose |
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| the process by which a society's culture is passed on from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society, |
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| the process organisms undergo to achieve a beneficial adjustment to a particular environment. |
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| Factors Responsible for the formation of personality |
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| Culture + Genetice makeup |
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| ghost character traits that occur with the highest frequency in a social group and are therefore the most representative of its culture. |
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| a person born with reproductive organs, genitalia, and/or sex chromosomes that are not exclusively male or female. |
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| a system or a functioning whole, composed of both the natural environment and all the organisms living within it. |
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| Cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes. |
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The cultivation of food plants in soil prepared and maintained for crop productions.
**Using technologies other than hand tools like fertilizers, irrigation and metal plow. |
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| Breeding and managing large herds of domesticated grazing animals, such as goats, sheep, cattle, horses, llamas or camels. |
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| a social or economic system built on manufacturing industries. |
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| Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering wild plant Foods. |
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A mode of exchange in which the value of what is given is not calculated nor is the time of repayment specified.
*fam and friends: borrowing a phone for a call |
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A mode of exchange in which the giving and receiving are specific as to the value of the goods and the time of their delivery.
Ex. Bday gifts |
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A form of exchange in which the aim is to get something for as little as possible. Neither fair not balanced it may involve hard bargaining, and outright cheating.
**Keeping |
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| a cultural obligation compelling prosperous members of the community to give away Goods Hurst public trees provide free service or otherwise demonstrate generosity so that no one permanently accumulate significantly more wealth than anyone else. |
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| a showy display of wealth for social prestige. |
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on the northwest coast of North America a ceremonial event in which a village to publicly gives away stockpiled food and other Goods that signify wealth.
* As seen with the Kwakiutl |
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| mental disorders specific to a particular cultural group. |
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| Studied the Trobiand Islanders. More yams more money. |
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| Crocodile Scars - Papua New Guinea |
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| Video of male members need to go through a ritual to become a man. They get their skin cut to obtain a crocodile skin effect. If you survive procedure, you are considered a man. |
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| statistical or measurable information, such as demographic composition, the types and quantities of crops grown, or the ratio of spouses born and raised within or outside the community. |
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| The exchange of goods and services of approximately equal value, between two parties. |
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| the study and Analysis of different cultures from a comparative point of view. |
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| the study of the patterns or rules of word formation in a language. |
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| SHARED! A mark, sound,gesture, motion or other thing that is arbitrarily linked to something else and represents it in a meaningful way. |
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| in science an explanation of natural phenomena supported by a reliable body of data. |
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| the cross-cultural study of people's perception and use of space. |
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| a person who crosses over or occupies an alternative position in the binary male-female gender Construction. |
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| those values especially promoted by a particular culture and related personality traits. |
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an assertion of opinion and belief formally handed down by an authority as true and indisputable.
-Dogma |
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| determined according to chromosomes. |
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Father of Anthropology
Invented term - Cultural Relativism
Studied the Eskimo |
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| Photographer that Boas and the Kwakiutl worked with. He staged ceremonies in order to get data. |
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| Eating Christmas in the Kalahari |
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Article by Richard Lee .
Bushmen uses insults to enforce humility. |
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Film on the Kawelka tribe.
Shows how Ongka, the leaders, gets ready for the big Moka. Ceremony where pigs and other gifts are given to gain prestige. |
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A culture's worldview, including morals and values, oftentimes grounded in religion.
Top of the barrel model |
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The rule-governed relationships-with all their rights and obligations-that hold members of a society together; households, families...etc.
Middle of the barrel model. |
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The economic foundation of society, including its subsistence practices and the tools and other material equipment used to make a living.
Bottom of the barrel model. |
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| The beliefs and behaviors of a society. |
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Culture-bound syndrome
Psychosis and dillusions in Algonquian Indians |
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| Culture bound syndrome. Characterized by feelings of persecutions from others, a withdrawal of the individual from society. |
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| Flexible/integrated pattern |
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| Seen most often among food foragers. Men and women work. |
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2nd division of labor by gender
Seen often in many native american groups. Men and women have own tasks. |
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| Seen most often in pastoral nomadic, intensive agricultural, and industrial societies. Men and women rarely engage in joint efforts. |
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