Term
|
Definition
-40-45 ka
-Seafaring
-"Mungo Man"
-open water (sea level dropped)
-could have had boats?
-adopted to all sort of things |
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Term
|
Definition
-refers to Homo sapiens
-50,000 years ago is when they started to leave Africa |
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Term
|
Definition
-new species DNA found
-no fossils, so we dont know what they looked like |
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Term
|
Definition
-Shuidonggou; deep buried holes with "loess"
-32-13 ka
-same tools as Homo sapiens found, but no fossils |
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Term
|
Definition
-25-20 ka
-lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world with alot of fish
-evidence: skelletons, figurins
-environment: very cold, ice age |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-18-12 ka
-(9 on map)
-evidence: Homo sapiens tools |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-"microliths": small stones (liths)
-14,400 years ago
-walked from Australia bc sea level was low
-flint knapping
-stoped and didnt go further bc of 2 miles of ICE |
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Term
|
Definition
| flint- a kind of tool, knapping the making of a stone tool |
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Term
|
Definition
-13,300-12,900 years ago
-all earlier occupants of America
-CLOVIS culture
-lower states
-clovis tools have FLUTED POINTS |
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|
Term
| dabate 1: how did Palaeoindians get there? |
|
Definition
-Atlantic Maritime Route
-Pacific Route
-Beringia Land Bridge
-Coastal Route |
|
|
Term
| Debate 2: when did Palaeoindians arrive? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -evidence: stone tools similarities, genetic? (maybe, but scientist said DNA doesn't really hold off) |
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Term
|
Definition
| -early site in South America: in Monte Verde and Pedra Furada |
|
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Term
| Beringia Land Bridge or Coastal Route? |
|
Definition
-stone tools similarities with NE Asia
-biological/genetic similarities between Native Americans and NE Asians
-gap between ice sheets only opens at certain times
-no good evidence for coastal site
-need to know when the first people arrived |
|
|
Term
| evidence for first Clovis people |
|
Definition
-13,300-12,900 years ago
-ice free corridor open |
|
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Term
| evidence for pre-Clovis people in Monte Verde, Chile |
|
Definition
-14,600 years ago
-preserved by peat
-skin covered houses, cordage, wooden artifact, stone artifacts |
|
|
Term
| evidence for pre-Clovis people in Pedra Furada, Brazil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| evidence for pre-Clovis people in Paisley Cave, Oregon |
|
Definition
-14,300 years ago
-coprolites; fossilized feaces, get DNA based on what people ate. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-boats?
-pre-Clovis route? |
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Term
|
Definition
| -intentionally preparing fields, sowing harvesting, and storing seeds or other plants. |
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Term
|
Definition
| plant produced by cultivation |
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Term
|
Definition
| -small scale of cultivation, in garden |
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Term
|
Definition
| -larger scale of cultivation, often including raising animals |
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Term
|
Definition
| intentionally controlling the movement and mating of animals. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -the evolution process whereby HUMANS modify the GENETIC makeup of a population of plants or animals, where they depend on the REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS. |
|
|
Term
| when domestication started? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where domestication happen? |
|
Definition
-multiple locations
-middle East |
|
|
Term
| how domestication happen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| evidence for domestication |
|
Definition
-distribution
-sex ratio of animals (mortality profile)
-pathology animal- trauma on animal bones
-DNA
-morphology- change (corn wild vs modern) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -the point where the grain attaches to the stock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -a method for recovering small items such as grain |
|
|
Term
| Consequences of agriculture |
|
Definition
-health and diet
-demographic
-economic
-social
-technological |
|
|
Term
| Health and diet consequences |
|
Definition
-garbage accumulation- pests
-transmitted disease
-zoonosis (infections)
-dental caries nutritional deficiencies
-repetitive stress injury |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-decreased birth spacing
-earlier weaning |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-land and territory ownership (sedentism)
-exchange networks; to mitigate against crop failure
-surplus
-longer work days |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-social relationships; neigbors vs kin
-violence/conflict; territorial dispute, crowding
-new types of space; public/communal vs private
-inequality; feasting, surplus |
|
|
Term
| technological consequences |
|
Definition
-new types of tools
-more permanent houses
-more stuff |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-19th century
-Lewis Henry Morgan
-Agriculuture simply better than hunting-gathering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-1930s
-Gordon Childe
-climate change
-refuge in oases
-explaining agriculture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-1950-1960s
-Robert Braidwood
-field work; no desiccation
-wild grains found in hills, not oases
-culture was ready for agriculture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-1960s
-Lewis Binford; environmental change, sendentism, population increase, agriculture |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-1960s-1970s
-Kent Flannery; cultivation gradually improves certain foods. people reliant on those and neglect others. positive feedback |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-1980s
-David Rindos
-adaptations between humans and other species
-unintentional |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-1990s
-Brian Hayden
-social compitition; aggrandizers
-feasts convey status; more food, special food |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Gobekli Tepe, Turkey
-ceremonial center
-lots of people that needs to be fed |
|
|
Term
| Neolithic in the old World |
|
Definition
| -the appearance of farming is what describes the period |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-new East
-China
-New Guinea
-Africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Natufian; 14,500-11,500 years ago. (end of paleolithic period.
-Neolithic; 11,500-8000 years ago |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-complex hunter-gatherers (gazelle)
-storage
-possible social inequality
-increasing sedentism
-broad spectrum
-tools: composite tools (microliths), ground stone
-figurines, burials
-interesting fact: woman buried with shells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Abu Hureyra- site located in Syria
-dog |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cereals; wheat
-legumes; lentils
-flax
-goats
-cattles
- pigs
-sheeps |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| China plant domestication |
|
Definition
-millet
-tubers; yams
-rice |
|
|
Term
| China animal domestication |
|
Definition
- water buffalo
- pigs
- dogs
- chickens? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - big circular mound, with small houses and a big one in the middle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Northwest China
- 2000 bc
- eathquake; foumd (millet noodles still in a bowel) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-domesticates: yams,bananas, not grains,taro
-5000 bc
-Swidden agriculture
-kuk swamp (New Guinea) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-found; people were digging little ditches, and draining them out
-stone tools, ground tools, exerted starch |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-North: farming from the near East
-5000 bc
-goats, sheep, wheat, barley, |
|
|
Term
| indigenous domestication Africa |
|
Definition
- Sahara
-Nile
-Sahel
-cattle domesticated? (was a huge debate) |
|
|
Term
| indigenous crops in Africa |
|
Definition
-after 4000 bc
-grains: teff, sorghum, African rice, millet (different then China)
-other: oil palm... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Libya
-7000-6000 bc
-HUNTER-GATHERERS; barbary sheep (never domesticated)
-pens, thick dung,
-control? FAILED ATTEMPT OF DOMESTICATION |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-agriculture imported from near East
-Linearbandkeramik culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- beginning around 5600 bc
-central Eurpoe
-type of pottery: cups, bowels, vases, without handles |
|
|
Term
| Neolithic in Western Europe |
|
Definition
-after 4500 bc
-megaliths and earthwork
-ex; Henges, menhirs (standing stones), long barrows (graves), causewayed enclosures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Canarc, France (asterix/obelix) |
|
|
Term
| what are the megaliths and earthwork for? |
|
Definition
-religious centers?
- territorial markers?
-astronomy? (bc the way the sunshines throug, or to keep track of the stars movement) |
|
|
Term
| Neolithic excavations in Jordan |
|
Definition
-Southern Levant
-2 stories home
-attractive; water access all year long!
-finds: grinding stones, whorl, SICKLERS (to cut plants), STORAGE pits (small and up the ground) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the lowest point on earth, so there is no way to drain
-very salty
-dead sea
-Wadi Ziqlab |
|
|
Term
| late Neolithic big village collapse, what happened to the people? |
|
Definition
-moved to single homes
-Wadi Ziqlab has water access all year long |
|
|
Term
| new world agriculture evidence area |
|
Definition
-Mexico
-South America
-Eastern USA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-4000 bc
-Maize (corn)
-wild ancestors: teosinte (size of quater)
-find: empty leaves without the seed
-crops: Gords (used to carry water), cocao |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Mesoamerica, Mexico
-8500-6500 bc
-WILD plants, squash, beans, maize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sunflower
-chenopods
-Poverty Point, Louisiana 1700-700 bc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Peru
-cold highlands and deep warmer valleys
-potato and quinoa
-large animals: Llama (transportation), Alpaca (to make whool?)
-2500 bc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Peru
-5000-2500 bc
-reed huts
-burials with auditory exostoses (SURFER'S EAR) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-BREAKING NEWS!
-teeth found
-between 80,000-120,000 years ago
-suggest that Homo sapiens reach Asia
-(teeth preserve better than anything else) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
typically involves a centralized authority
ex; hierarchy, status inherited |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when the right of a centralized authority to have power is accepted
-based on consensus or coercion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Northweast coast
-they had slaves
-why? bc there was so much simon fish, they found a ways to surplus (like dried them) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-hereditary office of the chief
-central accumulation and REDISTRIBUTION, craft specialization
-ex Polynesia, known for having alot of tattoos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-less than 100 people
-kinship
-ex. Paleolithic society
-temporary camps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ex Neolithic farmers
-agriculturist
-permanent villages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-colonization
-2000 bc
-sailing boats
-navigation-knowledge of stars helped them
-root crops, tree crops
-domesticated; chicken
-Australia, Melanesia, New Guinea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-bone and shell tools
-stone tools
-fishing
-agriculture; banana (generating surplus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Melanesia
-pottery; made by clay with patterns and similar tattoos as Polynesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-AD 1
-chiefs
-monuments, temples
-Tahiti, Hawaii, New Zealand, Easter Island |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Easter Island, part of Chile
-small island; 15 miles from one end to another
-evidence of Chiefdoms; Moai (term for statu) Ahu (rock is on) Pukao (the hat on status)
-deforestation; due to climate, humans, rats
-warfare, famine, collapse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-complex society
-unpredictable rainfall
-agriculture from Mexico after 2000 bc
-New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona
-Hohokam and Mogollon
-irrigation farming
-trade
-ex; snaketown |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Anasazi
-AD 400- 1300
-Pueblos after AD 900
-ex; Mesa Verde, Chaco Canyon
-densely populated area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-AD 900- 1300
-ancestral pueblo
-Chaco Canyon
-great houses: Pueblo Bonito |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-circular, football field structure
-luxurious items: turquoise, sea shells, native cooper, bird feathers
-Ritual center?
-elite residence, where chiefs lived?
-room 33
-room 38
-birds were precious bc they were rare |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-remains of 16 individuals above a wooden plant floor
-2 males below floor
-50,000 pieces of turquoise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-no burial
-beads, pendants
-14 macaw (far away) skeletons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Mesa Verde
-220 rooms
-23 kivas
-abandoned AD 1300 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Chiefs were buried with mound
-from golf cost to Canada
-snake like mount that can only be seen from above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-500-200 bc
-alot of mound burials
-Ohio Valley |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-important people with grave goods
-less important people cremated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-200 bc to AD 400
-extention of Adena culture
-bigger mounds
-craft specialists
-influence from Ohio to cover much of Easter USA
-ex. Mound City, Ohio |
|
|
Term
| Hopewell tradition artifacts |
|
Definition
artifacts made by specialist so that it could be buried with the important people.
example: shark teeth, smoke pipe, mica, copper |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-AD 800-1600
-hunting gathering
-major centers: Cahokia (Illinois) and Moundville (Alabama)
-maize and beans
-local domesticates |
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