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Definition
| whole picture, use multiple perspective and multiple samples. |
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| 4 sub-fields of Anthropology |
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Definition
| Biology/physical, cultural, linguistic, and archaeology |
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Definition
taking real world approach to anthropology.
Ex. health |
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| assigned by Robert Gate, few anthropologist and scientist to help American combat in Iraq understand the civilian culture and lifestyle since since the soldiers didnt have time to learn it on their own. |
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| the early figures in understanding/explaining culture? |
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Definition
| Franz Boas, Margaret Mead, Lewis Henry Morgan, Clifford Geertz, Marvin Harris. |
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Definition
| shared beliefs, world views, ways of thinking. |
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cultures are complex systems that need attention to different compone
nts: biology, society, language and culture. |
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Term
| Characteristics of culture |
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Definition
-learned (symbols are arbitrary)
-based on symbols
-transmitted (will change)
-integrated (holism, complex)
-interact and change (dynamic yet persistent) |
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Definition
-Globalization
-Acculturation
-Independent innovation |
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| Evolution of humans and relation to the development of culture. |
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Definition
-hominids creation and use of tools
-new subsistence patterns
-the occupation of new environmental zone |
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| evaluates other practices/behaviors without judgement |
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| judging other cultures using one's own culture standards. ranking a culture as better or worse than another. |
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-Human rights-based on justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries cultures and religions.
-Cultural rights- rights vested in religions and ethnic. |
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-general
-hands on experience
-culture writing
-detailed description of a living culture. |
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Definition
-specific
-the study of a focused topic using ethnography.
-ex. marriage forms |
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Definition
-living with the people
-learning their language
-participating in their every day live |
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Definition
-from the inside
-qualitative
-inductive |
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-from the outside
-deductive
-quantitative
-preferred by cultural materialists |
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-statistics
-demography data |
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Definition
-searches for TROPES
-narratives
-descriptive field notes
-myths and stories
-songs and sagas |
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Definition
-process to explain how the material world works through scientific discovery.
-"what is rather than what ought to be."
-Margaret Mead studied gender role using this.
-problem: background of ethnographer can influence interpretation.
-informant (formal) vs consultant/guide (the subject not object) |
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-thinking about thinking
-the process of examining both, as a researcher and the researcher relationship (informant.
-what bias my skew the data |
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-brought medicine for eye (pros)
-disease came with him and his team (cons) |
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| Relationship b/n Capitalism & Colonialism |
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Definition
-Colonialism came with Capitalism.
-Capitalism- exploit new things to expend economy.
-Colonialism-people moving into new area, oppressed other cultures that were there and the ones they brought there as slaves. |
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Definition
-economic system dominated by the market
-way of life that grew in response to and in service to market |
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Definition
-cultural domination with enforced social change
-grew out of the drive for expanded capitalism |
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Definition
-indigenous groups traded pelt with colonist, engaged them in the capitalist system.
-overexploitation of beaver led limited the participation, bc Beaver died at high rate due to capitalism.
-altered culture behaviors and couldn't be reversed. |
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Definition
Armchair anthropologist, first definition of culture, first professor.
-"culture" as a synonym for civilization
-Animism: belief in spirits |
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Definition
-League of Iroquois
-human society EVOLVED throug 3 major: savagery, barbarism and civilization
-“An attempt will be made to bring forward evidence of the rudeness of the early condition of mankind, of the gradual evolution of their mental & moral powers & of their protracted struggle while winning their way to civilization. The principle tribes of mankind can be classified, according to the degree of their relative PROGRESS into conditions which can be recognized as distinct.” |
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Definition
-Father of American anthropology
-emphasized cultural relativism,
-concern with disappearance of Native American Culture. |
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Definition
-1st female professor of anthropology(Boas student)
-known for: each culture selectively chooses among an infinite number of traits |
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Definition
-Enculturation & its effect on puberty-nature vs nurture debate: psychological change, puberty are not biological, but cultural.
-Somao= sexual liaisons, no stigma for out of wedlock births. |
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Definition
-Cultural materialism: infrastructure (technology), structure (domestic, political economy), and superstructure (non-material culture, like ideology)
-ignores social, political and religious values. |
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Definition
-Interpretive anthropology
-Theorists until 2006 now is Sherry Orther
-addresses issues like: agency, power, gender
-acknowledges that there is no true. |
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Definition
-19th century concept of cultural evolution
-new cultures evolved from another
-each society PROGRESS through the same stage of development: savagery, barbarism, civilization
-only the European were considered civilized |
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Definition
-20th century
-along with cultural relativism to fight Unilinear evolution. Franz Boas used capital "C".
-division b/n European and American anthropology |
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Definition
-universal approach
-understand culture based on infrastructure. |
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-Marvin Harri
-infrastructure, structure, superstructure (ideology)
-ignores social, political and religious value. |
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Definition
-abstract approach to culture
-address issues like; gender, power, agency
-acknowledges there is no true objectivity
- Clifford Geertz (1926-2006)
-Sherry Ortner (1941- present)
-reality is subjective and scientific inquiry is only partial truths. |
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| choice every individual has |
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| all about messages; from animal, person or insect to another. |
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| shared symbols, systematic, strictly HUMANS. |
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Definition
-language determines how we see the world and behave
-people who speak different languge inhibit different "thought words" |
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| Sociolinguistic hypothesis |
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Definition
-how language operates: inequality between gender...
-culture shapes language, and language shapes culture
-social performance determines the content, meaning and form of language.linguistic performance |
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| the use of language in a social setting. |
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Definition
-10-20 thousand years ago, in Middle East
-started during agriculture, accounting system |
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Definition
| creating new expression, like "google it" |
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-referring to the past/future. ex "grandma is going to visit us tomorrow"
-things that are not in the present |
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| the study of the meaning of words in particular cultural contexts. |
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Definition
| how they are used, rules of using words. |
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Definition
-gender codes
-AAE- African American English
-class; NY accent vs Boston accent. |
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Term
| Effects of Globalization on language |
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Definition
-Native reservation.
-language going extinct |
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Term
| process of Language Extinction |
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Definition
-if there isn't enough people to speak it, then the language goes extinct.
-globalization is the process of language extinction.
-language revitalization; attempt to halt or reverse the decline of language. |
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Term
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Definition
-an individual's features and traits
-everything that makes you, you! it can shift
as well. |
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| -the various positions held by people in any society |
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| -that must be achieved; age group, wealth. |
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Definition
| -automatically associated with it; born.ex royalty |
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-defined as groups based on their biological basis.
however, it's a cultural construct NOT a biological fact. |
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Definition
| rule of minority considers you minority. ex Obama |
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Definition
-tracking the descent of a person using the generic heritage of a minority group. "one drop" rule
-it's problematic bc it ignores the other side of race. |
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Term
| Biological means of human variation |
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Definition
-biological anthropology
-typological
-populational
-clinical- most effective. uses DNA.
-DNA sequence comparisons indicate that the further away a population is geographical, the less similar they are genetically. |
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Definition
| -the coexistence of multiple ethnic groups under a larger national culture. ex America. |
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Definition
-minority group adopts the cultural aspect of the majority group.
-the blending cultural background |
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| How is culture expressed through art? |
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Definition
| dance, songs, body adornment, food, tattoos |
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Term
| what do play and leisure activities reveal about culture? |
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Definition
-has no direct utilitarian for the participant
-it's a framing context that is consciously adopted by the players.
-serves as a commentary to the real world.
-can challenge authority and norms
-can undermine established political order |
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Definition
-all about conflict and wining
-to bring people together
-reinforces identity
-gender segregation |
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Definition
-repititive social practice set off the every day life
-performance cannot be separated from its text.
-makes cultural ideas concrete
-gives direction to the gaze of participants |
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Term
| how is expressive culture changing in contemporary times? |
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Definition
| -globalization brings new materials, new ideas, new technology and styles. |
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Term
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Definition
| ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from social position to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| ambiguous transitional phase of a rite of passage in which the person/persons undergoing the ritual are outside their ordinary social positions. |
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| the application of imagination, skill, style to matter, movement, and sound that goes beyond purely the practical. |
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Definition
-beliefs and behavior related to supernatural beings and forces
-organization, differentiated groups, hierarchies and collective actions |
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Definition
| attachment to religious values and experience of those religious values |
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Definition
4 types
-shamanism-magic, practitioners enter trance
-communal religion-based on community rituals
-Olympian- professional preisthoods,(greek God)
-monotheism- single God (most common) |
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Term
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Definition
| a traditional story, especially one concerning the early history of people . ex Popol Vuh story |
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Term
| Doctrines of the Ghost Dance |
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Definition
-do no harm
-don't lie
-share your food
-dance in a circle for 6 days |
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Definition
-compels the supernatural
-a set of supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims. |
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Term
| religious specialist example |
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Definition
-shaman/shamanka
-priest
-diviner
-prophet |
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Term
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Definition
-baptism
-fasting
-visiting a sacred site (Jerusalem)
-sacrificing |
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Definition
-cosmology-a system of understanding the universe.
-mostly in Native American ideology |
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| Social change as it relates to religion- |
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Definition
-religion helps maintain social order
-revitalization movement;social moments that occur in times of change.
-ex Ghost Dance
-social control uses Leveling mechanism; a custom that brings 'stand outs' back in line with community norms.ex witches |
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| 5 most popular religions and key features of each |
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Definition
1 Christianity- world largest, Bible Doctrine
2 Islam- Kuran doctrine
3 Hinduism- the 4 vedas (sacred sites ranges from a pile of stones under a tree to monumental temples
4 Judaism- Torah doctrine; 5 books of Moses,
5 Buddism- strong tradition of monks. no single text. founded by Siddhartha Gautama.
6. African religion- Orisa worship, world's 6th largest religion. |
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Term
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Definition
| rejection of modern life in favor of what is perceived as an earlier, purer, and better way of life |
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Definition
| antimodernism movement in various religion. ex Mormon |
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Definition
| the means of making a living; a productive system of daily survival= adapt to environment. |
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Definition
| the source of means of obtaining the necessity to sustain life. |
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Definition
1 foraging/hunting-gathering
2 Horticulture
3 pastoralism
4 agriculture
5 industrialism and information age |
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Term
| Foraging/hunting-gathering |
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Definition
-mobility: equestrian, pedestrian, and aquatic
-based on food available in nature
-sustainable if undisturbed by outside force, bc there is balance b/n resources and lifestyle. |
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Definition
-found in more temperate environments
-growing crops in garden using TOOLS. |
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Definition
-reliance on PRODUCTS from domesticated animal herds. ex milk
-requires movement of animals to new pasture land for sustainability.
-Trade products to maintain sustainability.
-wealth and political organization varies from group to group. |
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Term
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Definition
-intensive strategy of production
-semi-transitioning to permanent settlement
-increased population density
-cultivation continuum
-increased population density |
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Term
| Industrialism and information age |
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Definition
-high exploitation of animals
-involves a global market
-permanent settlements
-extremely high population density |
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Term
| Globalization effect on livelihood |
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Definition
| -changing subsistance strategy and interaction patterns on Yanomamo and Hazda; deforestation, weapons, medicines... |
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Term
| The 4 types of economic system |
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Definition
1 production
2 distribution
3 consumption
5 exchange |
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Definition
| labor to modify goods, resources and information |
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Definition
| using goods and services; spending to get goods |
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Definition
| the way goods are dispersed within a community |
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Definition
| transferring goods and services |
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Definition
-trading partners
-expected at some point
-ex buying coffee for a friend
-foraging, horticulture and postralism |
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Definition
-buyers and sellers
-payment expected immediately
-internet shopping
-agriculture, industrialism |
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Definition
-about the whole population verses individual gain. but DOES have effect on mates
-ex Kung Sun of the Ju'huanssi Kalihara Desert, South Africa |
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Term
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Definition
-Trobriand Island
-annual inter-island exchange; neckless, armbands
-reinforces status and authority distinctions, since hierarchy own the most important shells.
-maintains peace |
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Term
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Definition
-gambling, theft, exploiting,
-promotes cheating
-allow theft from certain groups |
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Term
| case study: Ongka's Big Moka |
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Definition
-horticulturist
-"big man" title
-had 4 wifes and 9 children
-domesticated pigs
-coffee ties them to global communication
-potlach is to everyone
-tribe of 1000 people
-raise pigs for economics, politics, and marriage all intertwined |
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Term
| do all cultures have politics? |
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Definition
-sort of
-leadership is learned
-politics are intertwine with cultural patterns of livelihood, ideology, religion and kinship.
-all people have agency (ability to choose) |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to bring about result, often through force |
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Definition
| right to take certain forms of action; mutual recognition. |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to achieve a desired end by exerting social or moral. |
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Term
| 5 socio-political systems |
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Definition
1 Bands
2 Tribes
3 Big man/ big woman
4 Chiefdoms
5 States |
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Term
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Definition
-KIN-BASED
-foraging
-simple system
-band leader
-4 mya
-flexible membership
-egalitarian- equal. leader has influence, authority but no power.
-ex Inuit |
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Term
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Definition
-headwoman/headman
-foraging and horticulture
-12,000 yrs ago
-leadership combines both achieved and ascribed status.
-influence, authority and sometimes power
-ex Amazon region
-3 levels: subtribe, tribe, confederacy |
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Definition
-between Tribe and Chiefdoms
-leadership is mainly achieved
-ex. Papua New Guinea (Moka), Melanesia, the south pacific.
- beliefs, supernatural Moka status |
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Term
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Definition
tribes come together
-chief
-pastoralism and agriculture
-permanently allied tribes and village under one leader
-more centralized and social complex
-need personal leadership, charisma and accumulate wealth
-confederacies formed when chiefdoms are joined. (when many come together)
-Iroquois (America's first nation)
-chosen by Clan mothers |
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Term
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Definition
-king/Queen/ president
-emerged with agriculture 10,000 years ago
-centralized political unit
-secondary social organization; members dont know each other onface to face basis
-imposition of one language
-construction of monuments |
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Term
| why women have power roles in some chiefdoms and not others? |
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Definition
-bc of the economic system; where women are important in production and distribution, they are more likely to have leadership roles.
-ex Iroquoi men were warriors |
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Term
| Anthropological approaches to violence studies |
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Definition
-violence is part of the process of ordering the social world
-anthropology is the only discipline that can access evidence about the ENTIRE HUMAN EXPERIENCE on this planet. (holistic perspective)
- |
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Definition
| form of social behavior in animals |
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Definition
-gives meaning to aggression
-often compared to performance
-emic/etic aspects= what is violence in one culture is not violence in another
- |
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Term
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Definition
| somatic-physical harm/change to body or brian |
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Term
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Definition
| -violence cannot be reduced to biology, but it does CONTRIBUTE; accelerating it, amplifying it and modifying it |
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Term
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Definition
-violence, peace, and peace research.
-3 types of violence; direct (husband beats wife), structural (difficult to "see", normalizes violence), cultural/ritual violence (makes direct and structural violence look ok) |
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