Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Anth 101
Final Exam Notecards
111
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
12/07/2010

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Morphology
Definition
forms in which sounds combine to form morphemes
Term
Phonology
Definition
study of speech sounds
Term
Lexicon
Definition
a dictionary containing all morphemes and their meanings
Term
Syntax
Definition
arrangement and order of words in sentences
Term
Phoneme
Definition
a sound contrast that makes difference or differentiates meaning
Term
Phonetics
Definition
the study of human speech sounds in general
Term
Phonemics
Definition
studies only the significant sound contrasts of a given language
Term
Phonemics
Definition
studies only the significant sound contrasts of a given language
Term
Phonemics
Definition
studies only the significant sound contrasts of a given language
Term
Focal Vocabulary
Definition
Specialized set of terms and distinctions that are partiuclary, important to certain groups, vocab changes most rapidly, language, thought, culture interrelated, Ex: Hockey Players
Term
Semantics
Definition
meaning system
Term
Meaning
Definition
speakers of partiuclar languages use sets of terms to organize their experiences and perceptions
Term
Ethnosemantics
Definition
study of how speakers of particular languages use sets of terms to organize their experiences and perceptions
Term
Sociolinguistics
Definition
investigates the realtionships between social and linguistic variation, or language in a social context, focuses on features that vary systemically with social position and situation, linguistic change does not occur in a vaccuum but in society
Term
Style shifts
Definition
varying speech in different contexts
Term
Diglossia
Definition
Regular shift styles between high and low variants of the same language, we rank certain speech patterns as better or worse, we recognize their use by groups that we also rank
Term
Kinesics
Definition
the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions (316)Linguistics pay attention to what is said and how it is said, culture shapes what is "natural," body posture conveys different meanings
Term
Gender Speech Contrasts
Definition
Men and Women have differences in phonology, grammar, and vocab. as well as in the body stances and movements that accompany speech. Women tend to adhere to standard speech patterns more than men.
Term
Race
Definition
Race is real. It's not simple a simple fact of genetics on biology. While race is caused by social and political structures and historical contingency, it correlates with biology. Talking about race requires its biological and social/polticial/ historical aspects
Term
What is Race? An operational definition
Definition
Socially/historically defined groups that rely, in part on folk notions of heredity and relatedness to govern membership. Almost ALWAYS hierarchical
Term
What is Race? Folk Notions of Heredity
Definition
Populary Held ideas about family resemblance and birthright. Ex: the fates of hereos in popular stories and in film
Term
Challenges when talking abotu RACE
Definition
Race is a poor model for human biological variation. explain why you do see differences between the races that have to do with biology in spite of this.
Term
race is a poor descriptor of human variation: historical perspective
Definition
from 18th century on, race treated as unit of taxonomy . The expectation about the natural world is that variation could be lumped into categories corresponding to abstract essential types. Race explains 5-15% of the variation in human molecular genetic variation. Very poorly performing model. Races were set before there was data
Term
Race in Africa Example
Definition
Local groups in Africa have more genetic variation than groups outside africa do. Classical notions about race cannot explain this.
Term
Cranial Variation
Definition
Patterened like genetic variation. differences among pre-defined groups are small. Are physical characteristics a good determinant? NOOOO. Population history explain cranial and genetic data. Genetic Drift and Gene Flow (Migration)
Term
Skin Pigmentation
Definition
Worst predictor of human variation!
Term
Lactose Intolerance
Definition
Less common in people of European descent. MArked as a disease. Racialization of biological characteristics
Term
Genotype by Environment Interaction
Definition
Genes do not act outside of their environments. Different phenoypic outcomes of plants in different environments. Physical and behavioral characteristics can be affected by both genes and environment. Ex: Age at menarche is highly heritable but can change quite a bit through time.
Term
Social Construction of Race
Definition
Something that comes out of the way a society operates; a fact because it's organized by a society that believes it
Term
Ascribed Status
Definition
conferred by social structure, tradition, or birth
Term
Achieved Status
Definition
Status that's negotiated betweeen individuals or groups and their surrounding society.
Term
Race
Definition
a group assumed to have a biological basis
Term
racism
Definition
discrimination against an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis
Term
Phenotype and FLuidity
Definition
Race in Brazil is attuned to relatively slight phenotypic differences. Phenotype: any aspect of an organism that is not their primary genetic sequence. This can include...(p.345)
Term
Hypodescent: Race in the U.S.
Definition
One acquires one's racial identity at birth. Rule of Descent: assigns social identity on teh basis of ancestry. Hypodescent: automatically places the children of a union or mating between members of different groups into a group of lower ascribed status than the member of the higher ascribed status
Term
Ethnic Group
Definition
a group whose members share certain beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms because of their background
Term
Ethnicity
Definition
identification with, and feeling part of, a particular ethnic group and exclusion from
certain other groups because of this affiliation
Term
Nation
Definition
a society sharing a common language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship
Term
State
Definition
a stratified society with a formal, centralized government
Term
Nation-State
Definition
an autonomous political entity; a country
+Migration, slave trade, conquest, and colonialism led most nation-states not to be ethnically homogenous
Term
Discrimination/Oppression: Policies and Practices
Definition
de facto:practiced but not legally sanctioned
de jure:part of the law
Structural:a consequence of the way that race, ethnicity, or other form of social
distinction is used in a society. People need not be consciously aware of what is going on
Term
Prejudice
Definition
pre-judging (devaluing) of people in a group because of its assumed behavior, values,
capabilities, or attributes
Term
Stereotypes
Definition
fixed ideas about what the members of a group are like
Term
Sex and Gender (p. 419)
Definition
Sex differences are largely the result of biology. (pg. 419)
-Gender results from cultural and social associations of male and female characteristics
Term
Menopause
Definition
After ~4-5 decades of life, human ovaries cease to have viable eggs.
-Human women and females in pilot whales and elephants continue to live for a long
time after ceasing to ovulate.
Term
Gender Roles
Definition
tasks and activities that a culture assigns to the sexes
Term
Gender Stereotypes
Definition
oversimplified, strongly held ideas of characteristics of men and
women
Term
Gender Stratification
Definition
unequal distribution of rewards between men and women
reflecting their different positions in a social hierarchy
Term
Gender Patterns (See Chart)
Definition
-In domestic activities, female labor dominates.
-In extradomestic activities, male labor dominates.
-Women are the primary caregivers, but men often play a role.
-Differences in male and female reproductive strategies:
+Men mate within and outside of marriage more often than women do.
+Double standards restrict women more than men and illustrate gender
stratification.
-Gender stratification is lower when men and women make roughly equal
contributions to subsistence.
Term
The Domestic-Public Dichotomy
Definition
The strong differentiation between home
and the outside world is called the
domestic–public dichotomy,
or the private–public contrast.
• Activities of the domestic sphere
tend to be performed by women.
• Activities of the public sphere
tend to be restricted to men.
– Gender stratification is less
developed among foragers.
Term
Gender and Industrialism
Definition
Domestic-public dichotomy has affected gender stratification in industrial societies.
-Gender roles are changing rapidly in North America.
-Gendered work, attitudes, and beliefs have varied in response to US economic needs.
+Attitudes about gendered work have varied with class and region.
+Woman’s role in the home is stressed during periods of high unemployment.
+Today’s jobs are not especially demanding in terms of physical labor.
Term
The Feminization of Poverty
Definition
-An increasing representation of women and their children among America’s poorest
people.
-Globally, households headed by women tend to be poorer than those headed by men.
Term
Gender among Horticulturalists
Definition
-Reduced gender stratification-Matrilocal Societies
+A combination of male travel and a prominent female economic role reduced
gender stratification and promoted high female status.
-Igbo of eastern Nigeria.
-Increased gender stratification-Patrilineal/Patrilocal Societies
+Patrilineal-patrifocal complex: male supremacy is based on patrilineality,
patrilocality, and warfare
+Linked to pressure on resources
-Yanomamo in Brazil
Term
More than 2 Genders
Definition
Many societies recognize more than 2 gender categories
+Hijras (India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan)
+Fa’afafine (Samoa)
+Sworn Virgins (Albania)
+Two Spirit People (North America)
Term
Sexual Orientation
Definition
-A person’s habitual sexual attraction to, and sexual activities with:
+Persons of opposite sex (heterosexuality)
+Persons of same sex (homosexuality)
+Both sexes (bisexuality)
+Asexuality: indifference toward or lack of attraction to members of either sex
Term
Sexual Orientation fixed and biologically based in the U.S.?
Definition
Culture always plays a role in molding individual sexual urges to a collective norm.
-Sex acts involving people of the same sex were absent, rare, or secret in only 37% of 76
societies studied by Ford and Beach.
Term
Various forms of same-sex sexual activity are considered normal and acceptable in some
societies.
Definition
-Sudanese Azande
-Etoro
-Ancient Greece
Term
Nuclear Family
Definition
consists of a married couple and their children, normally living together
in the same household.
Term
Family of Orientation
Definition
the family in which one is born and grows up
Term
Family of Procreation/Adoption
Definition
formed when one marries and has children
-In most societies, relations with nuclear family members take precedence
over relation with other kin.
Term
Families
Definition
The nuclear family is widespread, but no universal.
-In many societies, extended families are the primary unit of social organization.
+Muslims of Western Bosnia
+Nayars of Malabar Coase of India
Term
Matrilineal Descent
Definition
individuals automatically join mother’s descent group when they
are born
Term
Patrilineal Descent
Definition
individuals automatically join father’s descent group when they are
born
Term
Unilineal Descent
Definition
descent rules uses only one line
Term
Ambilineal Descent
Definition
descent rule uses both maternal and paternal sides
Term
Lineage
Definition
a unilineal descent group based on demonstrated descent
Term
Clan
Definition
a descent group that claims common descent from an apical ancestor but can’t demonstrate it
Term
Patrilocality
Definition
a married couple lives with the husband’s family; associated with
patrilineal descent and is more common than matrilocality
Term
Matrilocality
Definition
a married couple lives with the wife’s family; associated with matrilineal
descent and is less common than patrilocality
Term
Parallel Cousins
Definition
children of your mother’s sister or your father’s brother
Term
Cross Cousins
Definition
children of your mother’s brother or your father’s sister
Term
Inbreeding
Definition
mating with close genetic relatives
Term
Aversion
Definition
the propensity to avoid something
Term
Incest
Definition
sexual behavior between relatives however defined (genetic or not)
Term
Taboo
Definition
a prohibition against any activity
Term
The Received view in the West: Freud
Definition
+Humans have an innate tendency to want to commit incest
+Taboo imposed upon people to repress this due to a recognition of the harmful
consequences
Term
Genetic dangers of inbreeding
Definition
+Inbreeding leads to a higher change of being exposed to 2 copies of deleterious
recessive alleles
+This leads to inbreeding depression, a reduction in fitness
Term
The alternative to Freud --> Westermark
Definition
+”there is an innate aversion to sexual intercourse between persons living very closely together in early youth”
Term
Kibbutizm in Israel
Definition
+Children raised collectively
+Girls and boys raised together
+Upon reaching adulthood, children raised together do not date, have sex, or marry
Term
Critical Period for Aversion
Definition
+Critical period: a time in development where it is very easy to acquire a characteristic
+If not acquired during the critical period, it is hard to acquire later in life.
+The critical period for the Westermark effect is between about 1 and 4 years old.
Term
Is aversion the basis of taboos?
Definition
+Perhaps it only has a very limited contribution.
+Why? Incest is variably defined across cultures, religions, and legal jurisdictions.
+Other possibilities: people recognize the effects of inbreeding and prohibit it above and beyond the aversion.
Term
Cousin Marriage idealized in some societies
Definition
This example highlights the difficulty of separating out “human nature” from culture and other
kinds of learned behavior.
+Only through serendipitous natural experiments were scientists able to figure the problem out.
Term
Religion
Definition
Christiantity then Islam are the biggest. -belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces (Wallace)+Reese: bodies of people who gather together regularly for worship
+Durkheim: religious effervescence
+Turner: community spirit (communitas)
+Religion is also associated with social divisions
Term
Magic and Religion
Definition
-a set of supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims
+May be imitative (as with voodoo dolls) or contagious (accomplished through
contact)
+We find magic in cultures with diverse religious beliefs.
Term
Anxiety,COntrol, and SOlace
Definition
-Religion and magic don’t just explain things and help people accomplish goals.
+Serve emotional and cognitive needs.
+Bronislaw Malinowski: Magic is used to establish control, but religion “is born
out of…the real tragedies of human life.”
Term
Rituals
Definition
-Formal-stylized, repetitive, stereotyped behavior, based on a liturgical order
+Rituals convey information about participants and their culture
+Rituals are social acts
Term
Rites of PAssage
Definition
-a set of actions marking transitions between stages of life
+Separation: withdrawal from a group and moving from one place to another
+Incorporation: participant re-enters society with a new status, having completed the rite
Term
Liminality
Definition
a period during which participant has left on place but not yet
entered the next. a basic part of rites of passage, involves a temporary suspension and reversal
of social distinctions.
+Liminal features such phenomena as humility, poverty, equality, obedience, and
sexual abstinence; silence may be required from the sect or cult members.
Term
Religion adn CUltural Ecology
Definition
-Sacred cattle in India
+Cattle play an important adaptive role in the Indian ecosystem.
+Cattle used for transportation, and manure.
Term
Religions are culturally universal, but they vary:
Definition
+Wallace: 4 types of religion
1) Shamans: part-time magic/religious practitioner
2) Communal religions: based on community rituals
3) Olympian: state religions with professional priesthoods
4) Monotheism: worship of a single supreme being
Term
Mana
Definition
belief in immanent supernatural domain or life force, potentially subject to human
manipulation
+Polynesian mana and related concept of taboo are related to the more hierarchical nature
of Polynesian society.
+Melanesian mana is defined as a sacred, impersonal force much like the Western concept of luck.
Term
Antimodernism
Definition
rejection of modern in favor of what is perceived as an earlier, purer, and better way of life
Term
Fundamentalism
Definition
antimodernist movements in various religions
+Assert an identity separate from that of the larger religious group
+Seek to rescue religion form absorption into the modern
Term
Secular Rituals
Definition
-Formal, invariant, stereotyped, earner, repetitive behavior and rites of passage that take place in
nonreligious settings
+How do we classify ritual-like behavior that occurs in secular contexts?
+If a distinction between the supernatural and natural is not consistently made in a
society, how do we tell what is religion and what is not?
+Who is to say which is “more religious”?
Term
European colonialism had 2 phases:
Definition
1) The Age of Discovery, 1492-1850
2) 1850 to just after the end of World War II
Term
British Colonialism
Definition
-British empire covered one-fifth of the world’s land surface and ruled one-fourth of its
population.
+Driven by need for economic expansion
+First phase concentrated in the New World, western Africa, and India
+Closed with the American Revolution
Term
French Colonialism
Definition
-French colonialism was driven by the state, church, and military rather than by business
interests
+First phase, starting in early 1600’s, focused on Canada, Louisiana Territory
+Second phase focused on Africa and Indochina
Term
Capitalism
Definition
-World system and relations among the countries within it have been shaped by the capitalist world economy.
Term
Capitalist World Economy
Definition
a world system committed to production for sale or exchange
with the object of maximizing profits
Term
Capital
Definition
wealth invested with the intent of producing profit
Term
Industrialization
Definition
-Industrial Revolution: the historic transformation (in Europe, after 1750) of traditional into
modern societies through industrialization of their economies.
+European industrialization developed from a domestic system of manufacture
Term
Industrial Stratification
Definition
-Class consciousness: a recognition of collective interests and a personal identification with one’s economic group
Term
Cultural Imperialism
Definition
-the spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others
Term
St. Vincents Day in Spain
Definition
Marketing Traditions for Tourism
Term
Postcolonial studies
Definition
analysis of the interactions between colonizings nations and the societies
they colonized
+Persistent effects of colonialism
Term
Settler Countries
Definition
large numbers of colonists and sparser native populations
Term
Nonsettler Postcolonies
Definition
large native populations and a small number of Europeans
Term
Mixed Postcolonies
Definition
sizeable native and European population
Term
Diaspora
Definition
A group of people sharing a religious/national/ethnic identity living in widely scattered places
Term
Genocide and Ethnocide
Definition
-Destruction of indigenous economies, ecologies, and killing or depression of indigenous people
(original inhabitants of particular areas)
Term
Colonialism and IDentity
Definition
-Whole countries, along with the social groups and divisions within them, were colonial
inventions.
+Modern African political boundaries are largely and artifact of colonial
Supporting users have an ad free experience!