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| study of humankind in all times and places |
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| “ a complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man (kind) as a member of society” Edward Taylor |
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| study and analysis of different cultures from a comparative or historical point of view. Lack of personal involvement. |
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| living among the people they study and practice participant observation. Has field work. |
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| everything in a culture must be observed examining all aspects of a culture in order to understand the dynamic interrelationships between thing. |
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| - a fundamental perspective of anthropology that the various parts of culture must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence. |
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| the thesis that one must suspend judgment of other people’s practices in order to understand them in their own cultural terms |
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| - refers to the spread of ideas and material culture especially if this diffusion occurs independently of population movement |
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| - in ethnography, the technique of learning a person’s culture through social participation and person observation within the community. Also includes interviews and discussions with individual members of the group over an extended period of time. |
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| : A mark, sound, gesture, motion, or other sign that is arbitrarily linked to something else and represents it in a meaningful way |
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| An instinctive sound or gesture that has a natural or self-evident meaning |
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| Referring to things and events removed in time and space |
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| STRUCTURALISM (French): [Claude Levi-Strauss] |
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| Human thought is the product of a universal pattern of thought; culture is human thought shaped by the group’s environment; Anthropologists try to explain the way people accomplish this pattern of thought & uncover underlying patterns |
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| Recurring abstract elements which fit together into a larger functional |
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| The minimum piece of culture. If you further divide it, it loses its meaning or function. |
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| CULTURAL EVOLUTIONARY PARADIGM: [Lewis Henry Morgan] |
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| the 1st evolutionary theory; went against the biblical idea; idea that culture had distinct evolutionary stages that each culture progressed through to a certain level; was eventually found to be too simplistic |
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| of CULTURAL ECOLOGY: [Julian Steward] |
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| relates status or advance of culture to the ecology; cultures adapt to and are limited by their environments |
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| A determinist academic theory which holds that other aspects of culture (social structure, superstructure (religion) are shaped by techno-economic knowledge and practices. |
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| The objects and artifacts made by humans from raw or processed materials. Material culture is patterned |
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| 12. Material culture vs. cultural materialism |
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| - material is objects that are made by humans from raw materials. Materialism is a determinist academic theory which holds that other aspects of culture social structure superstructure are shaped by techno econ knowledge and practices. |
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| The modern scientific study of all aspects of language |
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| 14. Phenome vs. allophone |
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| phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that makes a difference in meaning in language. Allophone is one of two or more variants of the same phoneme. Aka a phone considered as a member of one phoneme. |
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| 15. Morpheme vs. allomorph- |
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| - morph is the smallest units of sounds that carry a meaning in language. They are distinct from phonemes which can alter meaning but have no meaning by themselves. Allomorph is one of a set of forms that a morpheme may take in different. Aka meaning remains the same, while the sound can vary. |
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| : Each language provides particular grooves of linguistic expression that predispose speakers of that language to perceive the world in a certain way. “The structure of the language one habitually uses influences the manner in which one understands his environment. The picture of the universe shifts from tongue to tongue.” |
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| Massive culture change that occurs in a society when it experiences intensive firsthand contact with a more powerful society |
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| : In linguistics, a method for identifying the approximate time that languages branched off from a common ancestor; based on analyzing core vocabularies |
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| Method used to identify syntactic units of language |
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| A group of languages descended from a single ancestral language |
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| : Varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions, occupations, or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible |
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| Changing from one mode of speech to another as the situation demands, whether from one language to another or from one dialect of a language to another |
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| The cross-cultural study of people’s perception and use of space |
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| A system of notating and analyzing postures, facial expressions, and body motions that convey messages |
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| Body of character traits that occur with the highest frequency in a culturally bounded population |
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| The process by which a society’s culture is passed on from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society |
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| CARRYING CAPACITY OF A NICHE |
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| the number of people that the available resources can support at a given level of food-getting techniques |
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| Culture featured that are fundamental in to society’s way of making its living-including food-producing techniques, knowledge of available resources, and the work arrangements involved in applying those techniques to the local environment |
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| an extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation is cut, the slash is subsequently burned, and crops are then planted amongst the ashes |
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| Seasonal movement of people with their livestock over relatively short distances, typically higher pastures in summer and lower valleys in winter |
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| A relatively small and loosely organized kin-ordered group that inhabits a common territory and that may split periodically into smaller extended family groups that are politically and economically independent |
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| In anthropology, refers to a range of kin-ordered groups that are politically integrated by some unifying factor and whose members share a common ancestry, identity, culture, language, and territory. |
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| A regional polity in which 2 or more local groups are organized under a single chief, who is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people |
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| in anthropology, a political institution established to manage and defend a complex, socially stratified society occupying a defined terrority |
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| (most like (ideographic-graphic symbol that represents an idea or concept): ideographic behavior cannot be explained apart from the substantive independent cultural context in which it occurs. Culture behaviors are relative, not subject to grand economic processes. Assumes each culture is unique, economic motivations are symbolic and culturally specific. Most like relativistic (ideographic) cultural anthropology (Chagnon)-independent local cultural systems and knowledge. Emphasis on cultural integration. |
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| (most like nomothetic): refers to the use of generalization rather than specific properties in the context of a group as an entity |
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| : Exchanges of goods and services between two or more parties: lies at the heart |
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• Generalized—a mode of exchange in which the value of what is given is not calculated, nor is the time of repayment specified. Gifts presented without immediate return. Gifts at a different value returned at a later time.
• Balanced—a mode of exchange in which the giving and receiving are specific as to the value of the goods and the time of their delivery. Gifts given, and returned quickly with gift of equal value: fish for yams.
• Negative—a form of exchange in which the aim is to get something for as little as possible. Neither fair nor balanced, it may involve hard bargaining, manipulation, and outright cheating. One trading partner attempts to get more out of the exchange, often through trickery.
• extended (not in text)—when A gives to B, B gives to C, C gives to D and then maybe back to A. |
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| a form of exchangein which goods flow into a central places, where they are sorted, counted and reallocated. A form of exchange in which goods and services, with prices set by rules of supply and demand. |
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| buying and selling of goods and services, with prices set by rules of supply and demand |
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| Peripheral markets work on kind of a set pattern of reciprocity; everybody knows how much something is worth; i.e. balanced reciprocity, not market exchange. Traditionally, takes place in marketplaces-fixed Price or barter |
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| A cultural obligation compelling prosperous members of a community to give away goods, host public feasts, provide free service, or otherwise demonstrate generosity so that no one permanently accumulates significantly more wealth than anyone else |
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| A cultural obligation compelling prosperous members of a community to give away goods, host public feasts, provide free service, or otherwise demonstrate generosity so that no one permanently accumulates significantly more wealth than anyone else |
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| A cultural obligation compelling prosperous members of a community to give away goods, host public feasts, provide free service, or otherwise demonstrate generosity so that no one permanently accumulates significantly more wealth than anyone else |
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| Ceremonial exchange of prestige items in the Trobriand Islands. Trade occurs over long distances between trading partners on distant islands. Trade not motivated by economic considerations |
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TRUE: A medium of exchange, standard of value, condensed wealth, and universally acceptable.
PRIMITIVE: Restricted to one sphere of exchange, individual pieces of differing value, many forms: cowrie shells, brass rods, stone rings, cacao beans, sharks teeth, cattle, salt. |
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| mother to son, father to daughter, brother to sister |
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| : same as consanguinal (blood ties) |
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| - Endogamy: marriage within a particular group or category of individuals. Exogamy: marriage outside that particular group. |
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| family: one or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption. The family may take many forms ranging from a single parent with one or more kids to a married couple or polygamous. Household: the basic residential unity where economic production, consumption, inheritance, child raising and shelter are organized and carried out. |
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| Child of fathers brother or mothers sister |
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| child of fathers sister or mothers brother |
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| group consisting of one or more parents and dependent offspring, which may include a stepparent, stepsiblings, and adopted children |
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| two or more closely related nuclear families clustered together into a large domestic group |
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| FUNCTIONS OF THE FAMILY/ KINSHIP GROUP |
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. Provide a household
2. Create children
3. Socialize children
4. Provide sexual partners
5. Support group; can do more as a group than individually |
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| All of your living consanguinal kin, calculated on both sides of your family |
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| A bilateral kinship group limited by degree. A ramage takes a personal interest in the welfare of ego |
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| Descent that establishes group membership exclusively through either the male or female line |
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| Descent traced exclusively through the female line to establish group membership |
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| A residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the wifes mothers place of residence (Hopi Indians) |
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| - a unilineal kinship group of consanguine relatives who trace their genealogical links to a common ancestor and associate with one another for a shared purpose. |
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| - typically consisting of several lineages. A clan is non corporate descent group whose members assume descent from a common ancestor without actually knowing the genealogical links to that ancestor. |
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| belief that people are related to particular animal’s plants or natural objects of descent from common ancestral spirits. |
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| 60. Iroquois vs. Eskimo system- |
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| - Iroquois: is kinship terminology wherein a father and a father’s brother are referred to by a single term as are a mother and a mother’s sister, but a father’s sister and a mother’s brother are given separate terms. Parallel cousins are classified with brothers and sisters while cross cousins are classified separately, but no equated with relatives of some other generation. |
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| : is kinship terminology wherein a father and a father’s brother are referred to by a single term as are a mother and a mother’s sister, but a father’s sister and a mother’s brother are given separate terms. Parallel cousins are classified with brothers and sisters while cross cousins are classified separately, but no equated with relatives of some other generation |
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| : is systems of kinship terminology also called lineal system which emphasizes the nuclear family by specifically identifying the mother, father, brother, sister, while lumping all other relatives into broad categories. |
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| A formally established group of people born during a certain time span who move through the series of age-grade categories together |
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| : An organized category of people based on age; every individual passes through a series of such categories over his or her lifetime |
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| a sociological term for the hierarchical arrangement of social classes, castes, and strata within a society. While these hierarchies are not universal to all societies, |
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| A category of individuals in a stratified society who enjoy equal or nearly equal prestige according to the system of evaluation |
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| Unilineal descent group composed of at least two clans that suposedly share the same common ancestry, whether or not they really do |
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| Each group that results from a division of society into two halves on the basis of descent |
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| compromise the subcastes found within the four major castes, or varnas, of the Indian Caste system |
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| Varna is a supposed unification of all the Hindu castes into either four groups: Kshatriya, Brahmin, Vaisha, Shudra, or into one of several varna-sankaras. |
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| - handles disputes within the Nuere. Basically a mediator |
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| ee Evans Pritchard discusses the constant conflict in the Nuer society and how continuous conflict strengthens the society by forcing new allies. It is an integrating mechanism. |
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| Institution vs association |
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| bride price/dowry/bride service |
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| Ambilocal vs neolocal residence |
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| Mechanisms of Integration |
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| Globalization/Modernization |
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| Primary/secondary innovation |
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| structural power/soft power |
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| 4 flaws in future oriented writing |
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| separation/transition/incorporation |
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| A ritual that takes place during a crisis in the like of the group and serves to bind individuals together |
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| sorcery vs witchcraft vs magic |
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. SORCERY: deliberate attempt through magic of doing harm to people
WITCHCRAFT: explanation of events based on belief that certain individuals have an innate psychic power capable of causing harm, including sickness and death; provides explanation for many happenings for which no cause can be found; positive in some societies
MAGIC: attempts to control supernatural forces through rituals and formals |
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| : Scapula Mansi-latin word for divination and consulting the spirits; is consulting the spirits through the use of scapula or shoulder blades; done by people who live around Arctic circle who use scapulae of animals they hunt to get information about them; ritual for technology; |
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| an organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the supernatural, along with associated ceremonial practices by which people try to interpret and/or influence aspects of the universe otherwise beyond their control. |
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| social entropy vs anti-entropy |
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SOCIAL ENTROPY: measure of natural decay within a social system or the decomposition of the whole structure.
ANTI-ENTROPY: |
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| mechanical/organic solidarity |
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| : doctrine in anthropology that humans are psychologically equivalent every where; we have different beliefs and institutions but psychologically we are all the same; put people in same situations and they’ll react similarly |
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| 3 types of gendered economic roles |
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IDEOGRAPHIC: theory that attempts to state a universal principle in culture; ex: formalism(all people are motivated by law of supply and demand); economic version is formalism; like cultural materialism(Marvin Harris)
NOMOTHETIC: description of specific cultures; shape specific culture; economic version of it is substantivism; like relativistic cultural anthroplogy(Chagnon) |
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| Breeding and managing large herds of domesticated grazing and browsing animals, such as goats, sheep, cattle, horses, llamas, or camels |
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POTLACH: On the Northwest coast of North America, a ceremonial event in which a village chief publicly gives away stockpiled food and other goods that signify wealth
COPPER: one of the media of exchange; kind of primitive money theory; has the characteristics of primitive money; most valuable unit of exchange of people of north coast; piece of copper bent into shape of shield; each one had own history meaning it had it’s own value; when a copper was given away in Potlach ceremony it meant your opponent who was contesting with you over to return 2 coppers to get selected for his side of argument |
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| A showy display of wealth for social prestige |
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| collective representation |
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| : from Emile Durkheim’s sociology referring to a symbol having common-shared meaning to members of a social group or society |
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| imitative/contagious magic |
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IMITATIVE MAGIC: Magic based on the principle that like produces like
CONTAGIOUS MAGIC: Magic based on the principle that things or persons once in contact can influence each other after the contact is broken |
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| positive functions of witchcraft |
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| ): Theories of soul: Edward Tylor talked about this; tried to imagine why people all over world believe in soul; had basically 2 ideas about that 1.) we dream and seem to leave our body at night and go on adventures 2.) observation about death rattle where people seem to give off ghost when they die by expelling gas from lungs |
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| myth/ritual/cult institutions |
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| occulted/enduring creators |
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| : Occulted Creators: some religions, like the classical Greeks, hold that the Creator of the universe did his/her job and then retreated. The Creator remains remote from mankind and is not worshipped in popular rites; Enduring Creators: others combine the role of the Creator with that of a deity who takes a strong personal interest in the affairs of mankind |
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| : Navajo Skin Walkers—they are shape-shifters and they are witches that cause harm to people by attacking them usually at night, and if you even see one at night you believe that you are in mortal danger; also reputed to be cannibalistic |
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LEVIRATE: when woman marries her dead husband’s brother; woman marries brother of dead husband; provides social security for widow; preserves previously established family relationships
SORORATE: : when man marries his dead wife’s sister; widower marries sister of dead wife; preserves previously established relationships; “sister right” |
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| : name of Shuar house; built very close together; have to walk sideways to enter; it is pie shaped; series of lean-tos set in a circle to form a plaza in the center; house is also a defensive palisade |
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| : in death, the Tiwi have elaborate burial and mourning customs that aren’t magical but collective rituals; Pukimani is a state of special being, therefore, a mourner is a pukimani; dead body is one until it is buried |
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| an externalized social control designed to encourage conformity to social norms |
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| : A spiritual movement in reaction to disruptive contact with Western capitalism, promising resurrection of deceased relatives, destruction or enslavement of white foreigners, and the magical arrival of utopian riches |
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