Term
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Definition
Permian Deposits show mammal–like reptiles
• Slimmer
• Flesh eaters
• Reduction in bones
• Shifting limbs
• Beginning of separation between mouth & nasal cavity
• Dental differentiation
• Emergence of mammalian like reptiles |
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Term
| Mesozoic (Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous periods) |
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Definition
Reptiles prominent land vertebrates (dinosaurs)
1st mammals appeared: end of Triassic period (190 mya)


Small flesh eaters
Nocturnal, small, rat like mammals. Insectivores enhanced smell & hearing
• • •
• Taking over eco niche at nighttime
• Enlarged cerebral cortex
• Loss of color vision |
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Term
| CENOZOIC (Age of Mammals) |
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Definition
Associated with Large Climatic change
• Separation of continents
away from equator
• •
• tropical & subtropical forests
• Dinosaur extinction, opening up of eco niches for mammals. See huge adp.rad of mammals. Mammals exploit the dense
Cooler temperatures
subtropics environment and become arboreal. Start to eat fruits, leaves and insects. Diversification.
Changing ecological niche Radiation of new varieties of plants Proliferation of deciduous forests Mammalian adaptive radiation |
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Term
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Definition
Suborder: Plesiadapiformes
Extinct mammal – common ancestry with primates Squirrel like Insectivore
Flexible digits, wrists, ankles
1st primate (60mya)
Fossil evidence: Morocco
Dentition similar to modern mouse lemur (strepsirhine)
Carpolestes - fossil in Wyoming. Thought to be arboreal. First evidence of primates. Had flexible digits, seemed to be a leaper and clinger like madagascarian lemurs. Thought to be the evidence of the first primates. |
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Term
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Definition
- after this, no monkeys left in NA (lemur, loris, tarsier) - first ancestors to appear
definitive primates bc of the Primate characteristics:
• Complete postorbital bar
• Larger frontal lobe
• Nails
• Forward placed eyes
• Slightly reduced snout
• Limbs for grasping & leaping
• 3.1.4.3 dental formula - 4 premolars, primitive.
55-34 mya |
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Term
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Definition
Mostly diurnal
eocene
• Ate fruit & leaves •
•
Probable ancestor of the lemurs and lorises
Who is the probable ancestor of
 |
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Term
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Definition
eocene
Nocturnal
• Eat fruit & insects
• Hind limbs slightly longer
than forelimbs
•
Probable ancestor of
 |
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Term
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Definition
(37 mya: Late Eocene) Fayum, Egypt; Several skulls, teeth, jaws
Catarrhine like:
• Walled eye orbit(enclosed postorbital septum)
• Somewhat forward foramen magnum
• Rounded cusps on molars
• Catarrhine dental formula = 2.1.2.3 - owm, apes and humans. But still has some lemur-like traits.
• Probable ancestor of all catarrhines
Primitive strepsirhine features (Lemur like):
• Small brain
• Long snout |
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Term
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Definition
(Monkeys & Apes) (34-23 mya) Age of the monkeys, start seeing breaking off of nwm ancestors
and catarrhines. Branch off: nwm (platyrrhines) - find in the something depression of Egypt
2 families |
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Term
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Definition
(resemble platyrrhines monkey)
• Dental formula 2.1.3.3.
• Diet of fruit & seeds
• Small arboreal quadruped
• Leaping & springing
• Probable ancestor of nwm bc of dental formula |
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Term
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Definition
(resemble generalized catarrhine)
• Dental formula 2.1.2.3
• Small to medium in size
• Likely fruit eaters
• Probable ancestor of owm, apes and humans (us) |
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Term
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Definition
** Q: WHERE IS THIS FOUND? IN EGPYT!!!!!!!
most completely represented & significant fossil genera from Fayum |
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Term
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Definition
| (23-5 mya) Proliferation of Apes - Age of Apes. African, Eurasia and southeast Asian apes. Adaptive radiation of apes |
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Term
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Definition
- PROBABLE APE ANCESTOR OF ALL OTHER APES (PROCONSUL)
• Proconsul (East Africa)
• Possible ancestor of all hominoids (ALL LATER APES)
• We see a mass extinction of many monkeys. |
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Term
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Definition
Middle Miocene
- v imp. Bc its obvi evidence of apes out of Africa.
Europe
Ancestor of all apes bc of postcranial
Ape-like traits
• Post cranially: arboreal Brachiation & suspension
• Cranial shape
• Thin enamel on teeth |
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Term
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Definition
Middle Miocene
S. Asia - India (silowa valley of pak)
Similar to orangutan in face - ancestor of Asian great ape, modern day orangutans
Post cranially: resembles proconsul - not a brachiator. Whereas orangs are even though they are also fist walkers. |
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Term
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Definition
| (10-5 mya) - we start to see early hominoids disappear. Late Miocene apes found in china and other parts of se Asia |
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Term
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Definition
S China
Large Miocene ape
Shares features with dryopithecus
Late Miocene |
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Term
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Definition
may still exist in some places (yeti or abominal snowman)
believed to be extinct.
Largest primate that ever lived (10ft tall
SE Asia
Pleistocene Ape
1.8-10,000 ya
Largest primate that ever lived
Late Miocene |
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Term
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis, |
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Definition
Chad 7-6 mya
• Skull
• Unique features not seen on miocene apes |
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Term
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Definition
Ethiopia 4.4 mya (reassigned to 5.8-5.2 mya)
• Dentition reminiscent of Chimps
• Hominin features
• Forward foramen magnum
o MAY INDICATE ITS FULLY Bipedal? |
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Term
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Definition
6-mya
SHAPE OF ITS FEMUR BONE MAKES IT A TARGET
*bipedal? |
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Term
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Definition
Ape-like from waist up
• longer arms relative to legs;
• curved flexible fingers and toes
o still tree climbing
• forward thrust of the face,
o large flaring cheek bones-ape like
human like from the waist down
bipedal: S spine; forward foramen magnum; basin shaped pelvis |
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Term
| Gracile Australopithecines |
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Definition
Cranial anatomy:
• generally ape-like
Dentition:
• human-like (thick enamel)
• Arcade – ape-like
o HAVE A U LIKE DENTAL ARCADE
Post cranium:
• apelike waist up
• human waist down
• australopithecine has pelvis similar to modern human |
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Term
| AUSTRALOPITHECUS ANAMENSIS |
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Definition
(4.2 – 3.9 mya)
EAST AFRICA Kenya
• ape-like jaw and cranium
o JAW STICKS OUT AND HAS A U SHAPED DENTAL ARCADE
• Thick enamel on dentition
o REDUCTION IN CANINES COMPARED TO GORILLA
• bipedal |
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Term
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Definition
4 – 2.9 MYA)
Original Discovery: Hadar, Ethiopia,
DON JOHANSON
1. Lucy (found in 1974)
• almost 40% of adult skeleton
• BECAUSE OF LUCY WE FIRST DISCOVERED SOME SORT OF BIPEDALISM
• female by pelvis
• stature 3 ½ to 4 ft
2.The First Family (1975)
• at least 13 individuals,
• including 4 infants
• PROBABLY KILLED TOGETHER BY CATASTROPHIC EVENT
3. Fossilized footprints
• embossed into an ancient volcanic tuff
• approx 4 – 3.5 MYA
• MARY LEAKEY (1978)
• LAETOLI, TANZANIA
• 60 SPECIES FOOTPRINTS FOUND IN VOLCANIC ASH
o FEET INDICATED SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
o WERE WALKING AT A VERY CASUAL PACE BASED ON DISTANCE BETWEEN THE STEPS
Ape-like cranium:
• strong facial prognathism (long snout)
• small cranial capacity (aver 420cc) 310-500 cc
Ape-like teeth
• relatively large incisors
• relatively large canines (Compared to modern humans)
• ape like shaped dental arcade (parallel rows) |
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Term
| AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS |
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Definition
Original Find: RAYMOND DART (1924) Taung, South Africa
1. TAUNG CHILD
• estimated to be 3–4 years of age at death
• (development more similar to apes than humans)
o DEVELOPMENT SIMILAR TO CHIMPANZEE
• brain 405cc
Dentition:
• small incisors and canines
• rounded dental arcade
Cranium
• larger cranial capacity than A. afarensis
• more globular cranium |
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Term
| Robust Australopithecines |
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Definition
(Paranthropus)
Limbs/Locomotion
• bipedal
• Thick bones - prominent muscle markings
Cranial Anatomy
• sagittal crest
o VERY PRONOUNCED
• broad vertical face
• NEED BIG MUSCLES TO KEEP BIG FACE UP
• massive brow ridge
Diet and Dentition
• large palate and premolars
• massive flat molars, with crowding of the front teeth
o FLAT AND BIG TO HELP GRIND DOWN THE FIBRES THEY EAT
• deep jaws
• herbivore |
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Term
| AUSTRALOPITHECUS AETHIOPICUS |
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Definition
THE BLACK SKULL; WT 17000
LAKE TURKANA, KENYA, EAST AFRICA (1985) 2.5 mya
Hyper robust
• broad face
• VERY LARGE SAGGITAL CREST
o SO BIG THEY OVERLAP AT THE BACK OF THE HEAD
• massive projection of the upper face
• very large palate
• HUGE JAW
• large area back teeth
primitive traits
• Cranial Capacity 410 cc
• compound crest
• prognathic (long snout )
• round dental arcade |
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Term
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Definition
• OLDUVAI GORGE (1959)
• Mary Leakey
• Originally called
• “ZINJANTHROPUS BOISEI” by Louis Leakey
• 1.75 MYA
• lg body size (34 – 49 kg)
• bones thick and robust
Cranial Anatomy/ Brain
• heavy and massive skull
• cheek bones flare out to the sides
• MIDDLE OF THE FACE STICKS OUT
• Sagittal & nuchal crest
• prominent brow ridges
• postorbital constriction (behind the eyes)
• cranial capacity 500 – 530 cc
Diet & Dentition
• massive palate & premolars
• large flat premolars and molars |
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Term
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Definition
SOUTH AFRICA
First Find: Kromdraai & Swartkrans BROOM & ROBINSON 1948
Dating is not definite: thought to be anywhere from 1.8 – 1 mya
limbs and locomotion
• body size similar to A. africanus (32-40 kg)
• thick bones & prominent ms markings
• bipedal
Cranial Anatomy / Brain
• flattened “dished out” face
• face positioned high with a low forehead
• anteriorly positioned cheek bones
• sagittal crest –smaller than A. Boisei, and compound as in A. aethiopicus
• cranial capacity of approx 530 cc (450-550 cc)
Dentition
• large flat molars () |
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Term
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Definition
• Maeve Leakey
• Kenya
• Contemporary of a. afarensis
• Small braincase - ape
• Small molars - human
• Large, flat face – ape |
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Term
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Definition
Bouri Ethiopia
• approx 2.5 mya
• Newest addition to australo genus
• 450 cc cranial capacity
• Elongated lower limbs –
• human like bipedalism? |
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Term
| Australopithecus bahrelghazal |
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Definition
• Brunet et al., 1995
• Chad
• 3.4 – 3 mya
• Mandibular fragment
• Similar to a. afarensis
• First and only australopithecine found in North –Central Africa |
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Term
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Definition
MAY BE THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN APES?? AND HOMO
HAS LIMBS REMINSCENT OF GENUS HOMO
approx 1.8 mya, Berger 2008, South Africa
Australopithecine traits
• small brain (420 cc)
• Long arms
• Curved fingers
Homo traits
• Short fingers
• Neural reorganization of brain (?) |
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Term
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Definition
2.5-1.6 mya
• Louis Leakey (1960)
• Olduvai Gorge, Northern Tanzania
• 1.8 mya
o FOUND BOISEI LIVING AT THE SAME PLACE AT THE SAME TIME |
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Term
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Definition
o SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE ITS INCLUDED WITHIN THE SAME GENUS AS US, WHICH IS HOMO BECAUSE OF LARGE BRAIN SIZE
• SO THIS MEANS HE FOUND OUR DIRECT ANCESTOR
o HABILIS MEANS HANDYMAN
• CONSIDERED FIRST TOOL MAKER
• DOESN’T JUST USE TOOLS, IT MAKES THEM************************
• SIGNIFICANT INCREASE, AS IT IS 600-800 CC
• ROUNDED CRANDIUM
CAN IGNORE AFRICA IF BEFORE A CERTAIN TIME ACCORDING TO HER ON QUIZ
Significance of the name
Early tool makers
Ancestors to modern humans |
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Term
| KNM ER 1470 (homo rudolfensis?) |
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Definition
• Koobi Fora, Richard Leakey (1972)
• 1.9 mya
• 752 cc
• Rounded cranial vault
o LARGER CRANIAL CAPACITY, LIKE 750CC****
• No heavy crests
• Robust face LIKE AUSTROPITHOSCENE****
• Back teeth still quite large (but < australopithecines)
• ALWAYS QUESTION ON THIS, BECAUSE ITS LIKE AUSTROPITHOSCENE, BUT SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT |
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Term
| LOWER PALEOLITHIC (old stone age) |
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Definition
Approx. 2.5 mya – to 200 kya
1. Important in brain evolution
2. Emphasizes manual dexterity
3. Requires a complex, abstract thought process |
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Term
| by Oldowan Chopping Tool (Oldowan Chopper) |
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Definition
• All purpose chopping tool
o BUTCHERING TOOL IS ITS FUNCTION
• Made from smooth water worn cobbles
o FIND IT IN RIVER WHERE IT IS NICE AND SMOOTH FROM WATER
• Multi-purpose
o Butcher meat, split bones, defense |
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Term
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Definition
Bipolar Percussion
• Rock used to strike flakes off cobble
• USE HAMMERSTONE LIKE A HAMMER AND HIT IT OFF ANOTHER ROCK TO BREAK OFF PIECES
• PIECE YOU BREAK OFF IS CALLED A FLAKE
• NOW YOU HAVE OLDOWAN CHOPPER WITH AN EDGE |
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Term
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Definition
– Direct Percussion
• Large rock that you strike the cobble against or place the cobble on
• HARD ROCK YOU BREAK IT DOWN UPON IS CALLED AN ANVIL |
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Term
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Definition
| • Produced by striking one stone against another |
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Term
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Definition
• Chip of rock off the cobble
• Sharp, useful edges
• scrapers |
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Term
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Definition
1. 1st hominin species to exist outside of Africa
2. an African origin
3. an impressive longevity
4. Extensive geographical spread t/o Old World
Cranial anatomy
• 780 – 1225 cc
• (1000 cc average)
• Wide at base from behind
• Low cranial vault
• Sagittal keel
o RIDGE THAT RUNS WHERE SAGGITAL CREST WAS
o IF YOU RUN YOUR HEAD ALONG TOP OF THE HEAD OF THE HOMO ERECTUS, YOU WILL FEEL A RAISED RIDGE. HARD TO SEE, NEED TO FEEL
• HAS A PENTAGONAL HEAD SHAPED, WHERE THE BASE OF THE SKULL IS A LOT MORE WIDE
o IN HUMANS IT IS OPPOSITE, WITH THE LARGEST WIDTH ON TOP
• Nuchal torus
• Supraorbital torus
o ABOVE EYE
• Robust jaw
• Teeth larger than modern human, but smaller than h. habilis
Homo erectus postcranial anatomy
• Postcranial skeleton similar to modern humans
• Robust limb bones
• Conical rib cage
• Narrow hips
• Stature: human range
• < sex dimorphism than h. habilis |
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Term
| East African H. erectus (h.ergaster) |
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Definition
• Nariokotome, West Turkana
• 1984 Kamoya Kimeu WAS AN AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST
• WT 15000 (Nariokotome boy)
• 1.6 mya
• Boy approx. 12 y.o.
• Stature 5’3”
• Postcranial similar to modern humans
o HAD AN ALMOST COMPLETE SKELETON, SO IT COULD BE STUDIED WELL
• SO IT WAS SIGNIFICANT AS ONE OF THE LARGEST JUVENILE SKELETONS EVER FOUND
o COULD DETERMINE STATURE AND AGE
o WAS BIG FOR A 12 YEAR OLD BOY
• 880 cc
o VERY LARGE CRANIAL CAPACITY
• HAD A DIFFERENTLY SIZED RIBCAGE REMINESCENT OF A CHIMPANZEE WITH A MORE OVAL SIZED
o AFFECTS ITS ABILITY FOR SPEECH AND BREATH CONTROL |
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