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| A fundamental principle of anthropology: that the various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence. |
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| Biological anthropology, or physical anthropology is a branch of anthropology that studies the mechanisms of biological evolution, genetic inheritance, human adaptability and variation, primatology, primate morphology, and the fossil record of human evolution. |
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| the use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems, often for a specific client. |
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| The study of human cultures through the recovery and analysis of material remains and environmental data. |
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| A detailed description of a particular culture primarily based on fieldwork |
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| The study and analysis of different cultures from a comparative or historical point of view, utilizing ethnographic accounts and developing anthropological theories that help explain why certain important differences of similarities occur among groups |
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| was a Polish[1] anthropologist, widely considered one of the most important 20th-century anthropologists. His pioneering ethnographic fieldwork made a major contribution to the study of Melanesia and of reciprocity. |
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| Worldwide interconnectedness, evidenced in global movements of natural resources, trade goods, human labor, finance capital, information, and infectious diseases. |
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| He received his doctorate under Franz Boas at Columbia University in 1901, basing his 28 pages long dissertation on decorative symbolism on his field work among the Arapaho. It was the first doctorate in anthropology awarded by Columbia. |
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| a colony of many organisms that symbolically combine to make one organism |
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| (outside the body) means of environmental adaptation for humans |
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| "Father of American Anthropology".[3] Like many such pioneers, he trained in other disciplines; he received his doctorate in physics, and did post-doctoral work in geography. He is famed for applying the scientific method to the study of human cultures and societies, a field which was previously based on the formulation of grand theories around anecdotal knowledge. |
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| all the products of a society |
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| a system of communication using sounds or gestures that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules |
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| is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common |
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| is a stable language that originates seemingly as a nativized pidgin . |
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| Varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions, occupations, or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible |
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| was a German-born American anthropologist-linguist and a leader in American structural linguistics. He was one of the creators of what is now called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. He is arguably the most influential figure in American linguistics, influencing several generations of linguists across several schools of the discipline. While a graduate student at Columbia, Sapir met his mentor, anthropologist Franz Boas. |
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| cognitive classification of the experienced world in such a way that speakers of different languages think and behave differently because of it. |
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| The process by which a society's culture is transmitted from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society. |
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| Referring to things and events removed in time and space. |
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| The study of human languages, looking at each language's structure, history and/or its relation to social and cultural contexts |
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| an emic account comes from within the culture. |
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| is a description of a behavior or belief by an observer |
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| The belief that the ways of one's own culture are the only proper ones |
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| Applied subfield of physical anthropology that specializes in the identification of human skeletal remains for legal purposes. |
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| uncorrupted by the influences of civilization, was considered more worthy, more authentically noble than the contemporary product of civilized training. |
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| Tylor is considered representative of cultural evolutionism. In his works Primitive culture and Anthropology, he defined the context of scientific study of anthropology |
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| A sign, sound, emblem, or other thing that is arbitrarily linked to something else and represents it in a meaningful way |
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| He is best known for coining the phrase "survival of the fittest," Spencer extended evolution into realms of sociology and ethics, he made use of Lamarckism rather than natural selection |
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| refers to various ideologies based on a concept that competition among all individuals, groups, nations, or ideas drives social evolution in human societies. |
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| The economic foundation of a society, including its subsistence practices and the tools and other material equipment used to make a living. |
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| A system of notating and analyzing postures, facial expressions, and bodily motions that convey messages. |
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| The cross-cultural study of mankind's perception and use of space. |
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| The smallest unit of sound that makes a difference in meaning in a language. |
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| The smalles unit of sound that carries a meaning in language. It is distinct from a phoneme, which can alter meaning but has no meaning by itself. |
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| The systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a language. |
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| The entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax. |
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| The patterns or rules by which morphemes are arranged into phrases and sentences. |
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| Whorf is widely known for his ideas about linguistic relativity, the hypothesis that language influences thought. |
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| in biology, structures possessed by two different organisms that arise in similar fashion and pass through similar stages during embryonic development though they may possess different functions. |
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| In biology, structures possessed by different organisms that are superficially similar due to similar function without sharing a common developmental pathway or structure |
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| study things from a distance, and never actually go to place, and making assumption. |
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| an antiquarian is a person who deals with or collects rare and ancient "antiquarian books" |
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| A series of beneficial adjustments to the environment |
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| The term anthropologists use for on-location research. |
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| He served in the New York State Assembly and Senate. He is best known for his work on cultural evolution and Native Americans, which influenced the growth of the emerging new fields of ethnology and anthropology |
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| In anthropology, a type of society marked by the presence of cities, social classes, and the state. |
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| believed that Western culture is the contemporary pinnacle of social evolution. Different social status is aligned in a single line that moves from most primitive to most civilized. |
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| Customary ideas and practices passed on from generation to generation, which in a modernizing society may form an obstacle to new ways of doing things |
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| Founded by Franz Boas, historical particularism rejected the cultural evolutionary model that had dominated anthropology up until Boas. It argued that each society is a collective representation of its unique historical past. |
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| A society's shared sense of identity and worldview. The collective body of ideas, beliefs, and values by which a group of people makes sense of the world, its shape, challenges, and opportunities, and their place in it. This includes religion and national ideology. |
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| An example of cognates within the same language would be English shirt and skirt, the former from Old English scyrte, the latter loaned from Old Norse skyrta |
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| Changing from one mode of language to another as the situation demands, whether from one language to another or from one dialect of a language to another. |
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| a word borrowed from one language and incorporated into another. |
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| Distinct male and female speech patterns, which vary across social and cultural settings. |
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| In linguistics, a method for identiying the approximate time that languages branched off from a common ancestor. It is based on analyzing core vocabularies. |
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| Based on observations of the world rather than on intuition or faith |
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| Statistical or measurable info, such as demographic composition, the types and quantities of crops grown, or the ratio of spouses born and raised within or outside the community |
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| Nonstatistical info such as personal life stories and customary beliefs and practices. |
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