Term
| functions of male reproductive system |
|
Definition
1) spermatogenesis
2) delivery of sperm into male reproductive tract
3) produce male sex hormones |
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|
Term
| where does spermatogenesis occur? |
|
Definition
| in walls of seminiferous tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| production of male gametes |
|
|
Term
| when does germatogensis start? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mitosis of spermatogonium |
|
Definition
| creates a single primary spermatocyte(46 chromosomes) |
|
|
Term
| meiosis of primary spermatocyte (Meiosis I) occurs |
|
Definition
| at puberty and thereafter |
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|
Term
| why is Meiosis I able to be initiated? |
|
Definition
| due to testosterone levels increasing at puberty |
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|
Term
| meiosis of primary spermatocyte produces |
|
Definition
| two secondary spermatocytes (23 chromosomes) |
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|
Term
| meiosis of both secondary spermatocytes (Meiosis II) produces |
|
Definition
| four spermatids (23 chromosomes) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| mature sperm (haploid cells) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| in tail of epididymis and proximal end of vas deferns |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| vehicle of delivery of sperm into female reproductive tract |
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|
Term
| parasympathetics release ____ during erection |
|
Definition
1) acetylcholine
2) nitric oxide |
|
|
Term
| acetylcholine and nitric oxide cause |
|
Definition
| increase in blood flow to erectile tissue or penis |
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|
Term
| sympathetics cause ____ during ejaculation |
|
Definition
| emission (mixing of sperm with semen) and discharge into prostatic urethra |
|
|
Term
| hormonal control of male reproductive system is by |
|
Definition
1) hypothalamus
2) anterior pituitary
3) testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leydig cells of testes which stimulates production of testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sertoli cells of testes which stimulates spermatogenesis and release of inhibin |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| testosterone secretion during gestation causes |
|
Definition
1) development of primary sex characteristics
2) descent of testes |
|
|
Term
| testosterone secretion during puberty |
|
Definition
1) allows production of sperm
2) causes development of secondary sex characteristics |
|
|
Term
| development of secondary sex characteristics include |
|
Definition
1) increased muscle growth
2) thickening of vocal cords
3) thickening and strengthening of bones
4) increased growth of body hair
5) increased activity of sebaceous glands |
|
|
Term
| functions of female reproductive system |
|
Definition
1) oogenesis
2) produce female sex hormones
3) transport of female gamete to site of fertilization
4) incubate fertilized egg
5) provide a favorable environment for developing offspring |
|
|
Term
| hormonal control of female reproductive functions is by |
|
Definition
1) hypothalamus
2) anterior pituitary
3) ovaries |
|
|
Term
| hormonal functions of ovaries |
|
Definition
1) releases progesterone
2) releases estrogens (estradiol) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) helps regulate menstrual cycle
2) affects mammary glands during puberty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) helps regulate the menstrual cycle
2) responsible for development of secondary sex characteristics |
|
|
Term
| development of secondary sex characteristics |
|
Definition
1) increased deposition of fat in breasts, thighs, and buttocks
2) stimulates enlargement of accessory reproductive organs |
|
|
Term
| function of developing follicles of the ovaries |
|
Definition
| helps regulate the menstrual cycle by releasing estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
Term
| trophoblast cells of embryo (description) |
|
Definition
| human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supports corpus luteum which leads to the prevention of ovulation and menses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hCG; detectable in urine approx. 8 days after fertilization |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 phases of menstrual cycle |
|
Definition
1) menstruation/menses
2) proliferative phase
3) secretory/luteal phase |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| first menstrual cycle (begins about 12 years of age) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ovaries mature and are able to respond to hormones of menstrual cycle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) low body fat (need fat to make estrogen and progesterone
2) change in lifestyle
3) stress and anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cessation of menstrual cycle |
|
|
Term
| when does menopause occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| due to degeneration of ovaries (causes a decrease in the levels of progesterone and estrogen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) hot flashes
2) irritability
3) fatigue
4) emotional disturbance |
|
|
Term
| traditional birth control pills contain |
|
Definition
| high levels of estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
Term
| traditional birth control pills effects |
|
Definition
1) prevents ovulation (inhibits LH surge)
2) thickens cervical mucus (makes it difficult for sperm to pass through the uterus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains solely progesterone and thickens cervical mucus |
|
|
Term
| birth control pills are appox. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| emergency contraception can |
|
Definition
1) prevent ovulation
2) prevent fertilization (thickens cervical mucus)
3) block progesterone receptors of endometrium (causes thinning and endometrium and thus prevents implantation) |
|
|
Term
| mechanism of emergency contraception dictated by |
|
Definition
| when during the menstrual cycle it is taken |
|
|
Term
| when does emergency contraception need to be taken? |
|
Definition
| within 72 hours of unprotected sex (80% effective) |
|
|
Term
| RU486 (Mifepristone/Mifeprex/Early Option) |
|
Definition
| abortion pill that blocks progesterone receptors of the endometrium (causes endometrium to slough off) |
|
|
Term
| RU486 is used in conjunction with |
|
Definition
| misoprostol (prostaglandin that causes uterine contractions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 90% effective up to 7th week of pregnancy |
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