Term
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Definition
| gather stimuli in the PNS and send that information to the CNS to be integrated; information sent by sensory axons |
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Term
| types of somatic receptors |
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Definition
1) exteroceptors
2) propriocecptors |
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Term
| description of somatic receptors |
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Definition
| located in the skin, muscles, and joints |
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Term
|
Definition
| sense changes at the body surface and muscles (touch, pressure, pain receptors) |
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Term
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Definition
| sense changes in muscles, tendons, and body position (golgi tendon organ, muscle spindles) |
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Term
| description of autonomic/viscera receptors |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| sense changes in viscera: BP, pH, carbon dioxide, osmolality; baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors |
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Term
|
Definition
1) absorb energy from a stimulus
2) transduce energy of the stimulus into electrical energy
3) depolarization of the receptor potential |
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Term
|
Definition
| adaptation to a constant stimulus by a receptor; results in cessation of action potentials over time |
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Term
| do phasic receptors adapt? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| do tonic receptors adapt? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| description of phasic receptors |
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Definition
| stimulus needs to be maintained; slow or rapid adaption (temperature/pressure receptors) |
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Term
| description of tonic receptors |
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Definition
| action potential frequency is unchanged with constant stimulus; pain receptors/most visceroceptors |
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Term
| description of somatic nervous system |
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Definition
| detects changes in external environment and relays info to CNS; controls motor movement; voluntary |
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Term
| effectors of motor output in somatic nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| dysfunction of sensory nerves |
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Term
| symptoms of sensory neuropathy |
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Definition
| pins, needles, burning, numbness |
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Term
|
Definition
| dysfunction of motor nerves |
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|
Term
| symptoms of motor neuropathy |
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Definition
| muscle weakness and muscle atrophy |
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Term
| description of autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
| detects changes in the internal environment and relays information to the CNS; controls visceral tissues to help maintain homeostasis; involuntary |
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Term
| effectors of motor output in autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
| cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, cells of visceral organs |
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Term
| 2 efferent motor neurons between the CNS and effector |
|
Definition
1) preganglionic neuron
2) postganglionic neuron |
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Term
| neuropathy in autonomic nervous system |
|
Definition
| would lead to lack of autonomic regulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| arise from CNS and synapses with postganglionic neuron; myelinated |
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Term
|
Definition
| synapses with preganglionic neurons; synapses/transmits motor information to effectors; unmyelinated |
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Term
| preganglionic neuron of Sympathetic Nervous System |
|
Definition
| short and originate in lateral horns |
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Term
| postganglionic neuron of Sympathetic Nervous System |
|
Definition
| long and innervate organs; many postganglionic per preganglionic |
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Term
| paravertebral sympathetic ganglion chain (Sympathetic Nervous System) |
|
Definition
| ganglia located bilaterally along the length of the vertebral column |
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Term
| where are most postganglionic neuronal cell bodies located? |
|
Definition
| in paravertebral sympathetic ganglion chain |
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|
Term
| collateral ganglia (Sympathetic Nervous System) |
|
Definition
| ganglia located in abdomen |
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|
Term
| where are some postganglionic neuronal cell bodies located? |
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Definition
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Term
| preganglionic neurotransmitter of sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| cholinergic (releases ACh); binds to nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neuron |
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|
Term
| postganglionic neurotransmitter of sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| adrenergic (releases norepinephrine) |
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|
Term
| norepinephrine binds to two types of andrengeric receptors |
|
Definition
1) alpha receptors
2) beta receptors |
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|
Term
| (exception) sweat glands are innervated by |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| types of Alpha (α) receptors |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| is α-1 receptor excitatory or inhibitory? |
|
Definition
| both: excitatory or inhibitory |
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Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscle of most blood vessels (causes constriction) |
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Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscle of digestive tract (causes digestive tract to relax) |
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|
Term
| is α-2 receptor excitatory or inhibitory? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| postganglionic release of ACh or NE |
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|
Term
| types of Beta (β) receptors |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| is β-1 receptor excitatory or inhibitory? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| is β-2 receptor excitatory or inhibitory? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| is β-3 receptor excitatory or inhibitory? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| cardiac muscle and conduction system (increases heart rate and heart contractility) |
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Term
|
Definition
1) smooth muscle of airways (causes airways to relax)
2) inhibits smooth muscle of blood vessels serving the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle (causes blood vessels to relax) |
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Term
|
Definition
| found mainly in adipose tissue (causes lipolysis) |
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|
Term
| common drugs that act on α receptors |
|
Definition
1) phentolamine
2) pseudoephedrine |
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|
Term
| phentolamine is used to treat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| description of phentolamine |
|
Definition
| α-1 antagonist/blocker; causes most blood vessels to relax |
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|
Term
| description of pseudoephedrine |
|
Definition
| α-1 agonist/activator; causes most blood vessels to constrict |
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|
Term
| pseudoephedrine is used as |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| common drugs that act on β receptors |
|
Definition
1) metoprolol
2) albuterol/isoproterenol
3) beta blockers |
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Term
|
Definition
| β-1 antagonist/blocker; causes a decrease in heart rate and contractility |
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|
Term
| metoprolol is used to treat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| albuterol/isoproterenol is used to treat |
|
Definition
| obstructive lung diseases |
|
|
Term
| beta blockers that act on β-receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| preganglionic neuron of parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| long and originates in the brainstem and sacral region |
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|
Term
| preganglionic neuron of parasympathetic nervous system synapses with |
|
Definition
| postganglionic neurons in terminal ganglia |
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|
Term
| postganglionic neuron of parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| short and innervate organs; few postganglionic neurons per preganglionic neuron |
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|
Term
| preganglionic neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| cholinergic; ACh binds to nicotinic receptors |
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|
Term
| postganglionic neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| cholinergic; ACh binds to muscarinic receptors |
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|
Term
| compared to nicotinic receptors, muscarinic receptors are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 75% of all parasympathetic output is from the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| postganglionic neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system excites |
|
Definition
1) smooth muscle of digestive tract (contract)
2) smooth muscle of airways (constrict)
3) smooth muscle of bladder (constrict) |
|
|
Term
| postganglionic neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system inhibits |
|
Definition
| conduction system of heart (decreases heart rate) |
|
|
Term
| common drugs that work on muscarinic receptors |
|
Definition
1) atropine
2) ipratropium
3) oxybutynin
4) pilocarpine |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| muscarinic receptor antagionist/blocker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) to treat spasms of digestive tract
2) as a mydriatic (dilates pupils) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscarinic receptor antagonist/blocker |
|
|
Term
| ipratropium is used to treat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscarinic receptor antagonist/blocker |
|
|
Term
| oxybutynin is used to treat |
|
Definition
1) urinary frequency
2) profuse sweating (hyperhidrosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscarinic receptor agonist/activator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during iontophoresis sweat test |
|
|
Term
| visceral tissue innervated solely by sympathetics |
|
Definition
1) smooth muscle of blood vessels
2) adrenal glands
3) sweat glands
4) arrector pili muscles of integument
5) adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| visceral tissue innervated solely by parasympathetics |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle of the bladder |
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