Term
| Define paracrine effect with an example |
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Definition
| When prostacyclin diffuses away from its site of production or is washed away by blood flow |
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Term
| Endocrine vs. Exocrine glands |
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Definition
-Exocrine glands have ducts to carry their secretions to specific locations. ex: salivary glands
-Endocrine glands are glands of "internal secretion" whose secretions are usually sent directly into the blood |
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Term
| Define hormone. What are the chemical classes? Give examples |
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Definition
hormone: chemical messenger that functions in extremely small concentrations
-chemical classes: peptides (cholecystokinin), steroids (testosterone), amines (T3) |
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Term
| What are eicosanoids? How do they bring about a biological effect? 3 examples |
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Definition
-the general term for compounds that are chemical derivatives of long-chain fatty acids
-they function near the site of origin are are rapidly metabolized after entering the blood stream
-examples: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes |
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Term
| What are some of the functions of prostaglandins? What is the link btwn. prostaglandins and NSAIDS? |
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Definition
-functions: regulation of blood vessel diameter, inflammation, blood clotting, uterine contraction during parturition, and ovulation
-NSAIDs inhibit the production of prostaglandins associated with inflammation |
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Term
| What are some of the actions mediated by leukotrienes? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does estrogen prepare the uterus for contractions during parturition? |
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Definition
| increases oxytocin receptors in the smooth muscle of the uterus which prepares the uterus so that oxytocin can promote uterine contractions |
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Term
| What is a second messenger? Give examples |
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Definition
-intracellular compounds that function as an intermediate in the sequence of steps leading to the biological response
-example: cAMP, DAG, IP3 |
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Term
| What is feedback regulation of hormone release? give an example for a positive and negative feedback regulation |
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Definition
-negative feedback: the rising levels of the hormone bring about a biologic response that inhibits further hormone release. example: B cells in the pancreatic islets directly affected by glucose concentration
-positive feedback: hormone brings about a biological response that produces a further increase in the release of the hormone. example: the relationship between oxytocin release and dilation of the uterine cervix |
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Term
| What are the hormones produced by the adenohypohysis? |
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Definition
| -Growth hormone (GH): regulator of metabolism during starvation, deficits in plasma glucose, or hibernation. excessive GH leads to gigantism |
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Term
| What are the hormones produced by the neurohypophysis? Give their actions |
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Definition
-oxytocin: induces contraction of target smooth muscle fibers of the mammary gland and the uterus
-ADH: produced during dehydration. constricts blood vessels |
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Term
| What are the hormones produced by the adrenal medulla? |
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Definition
| epinephrine and norepinephrine: released in times of stress |
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Term
| Describe the organization of the adrenal cortex. What are the different hormones produced in these layers? |
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Definition
-the adrenal cortex is split into three layers, zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticular is, and all hormones secreted from these 3 zones are steroid hormone
-zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids (primarily aldosterone)
-zona fasciculata and zona reticularis: glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone) |
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Term
| What is the specific action of aldosterone and how is it regulated? |
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Definition
-regulates sodium and potassium balance
-regulated by the serum potassium concentration and the renin-angiotensin system |
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Term
| Which region of the adrenal gland responds to ACTH? |
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Definition
| the zona fasciculata and reticularis |
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Term
| What are the actions of glucocorticoids? |
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Definition
| inhibit inflammatory and immune responses as well as increase the rate of gluconeogenesis |
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Term
| At therapeutic doses, how to glucocorticoids bring about suppression of an inflammatory response? |
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Definition
| produces blood levels that are much higher than those seen in normal animals |
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Term
| What's the difference btwn. T3 and T4? Which has more biological potential? |
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Definition
-T4 plasma levels are much higher
-intracellular receptors for thyroid hormone have a higher affinity for T3
-T3 has more biological potential |
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Term
| What are C cells? What do they produce? |
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Definition
-C Cells are thyroid cells scattered among the follicular lining cells
-C cells produce calcitonin |
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Term
| What is the function of calcitonin? How's it regulated? |
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Definition
-lowers the blood level of calcium by inhibiting the action of osteoclasts
-regulated by the negative feedback of serum calcium concentration on C Cells |
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Term
| What are the actions of thyroid hormone? What is its target tissue? |
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Definition
-necessary for normal growth and development in young animals as well as regulation of basal metabolic rate in the adult
-almost all tissues of the body are target tissues |
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Term
| Where is the parathyroid gland? How is parathyroid hormone secretion regulated? |
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Definition
-one pair is visible outside the thyroid gland while the second is buried in the substance of the thyroid
-the only significant regulator of PTH is the concentration of ionized calcium in the blood plamsa |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule that can stimulate an immune response. non-self or foreign cells or substances |
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Term
| Define autoimmune disorder. Give an example |
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Definition
-Disorder one is born with. Body thinks its own cells are antigens
-Example: Discoid Lupus Erythematosus |
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Term
| MHC Class I vs. MHC Class II |
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Definition
-Class 1: flags non-self components. peptides from endogenously synthesized proteins. found in all cells
-Class 2: attracts a specific T-helper cell to "double check" the flagged cell. peptides from phagocytosis of particles/pathogens. only in antigen presenting cells |
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Term
| Describe the three types of grafts |
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Definition
Xenograft: rejected within hours
Allograft: rejected within 1-2 weeks
Autograft: stays forever |
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Term
| Define the innate immune response and name the components of it. |
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Definition
-non-specific defenses
-Components:
--complement system, phagocytes, cytokines (pyrogen, chemokines, interferons), and natural killer cells |
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Term
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Definition
mass movement of leukocytes to site of antigen
-basophils release histamine and inflammation occurs
-direct attack on bacterial cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
-facilitation of engulfment by phagocytes
-holes are drilled in rather than total engulfment |
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Term
| Define the adaptive immune response and name the components of it |
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Definition
-specific immune response. quick, response/attack on specific antigens
-components:
--antigen recognition, antibody production, cytotoxic attack on infected cells, immunologic memory, regulation of specific immune response |
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Term
| What are the 7 types of lymphocytes? |
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Definition
-B cells
-memory b cells
-t helper cells
-memory t helper cells
-cytotoxic t cell
-memory cytotoxic t cell
-natural killer cell |
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Term
| What is a isotype switch? When does it occur? |
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Definition
-B cell becomes a plasma cell.
-Changes immunoglobulin class
-occurs only when B cell is activated by free antigen |
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Term
| Name the 4 immunoglobulin classes and general characteristics |
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Definition
-IgG: most abundant in circulation. protective against bacteria and viruses, provides for passive immunity in newborns
-IgA: found in epithelial and mucous membrane secretions. provides local protection against bacteria and viruses
-IgE: contributes to allergic responses as well as protection against parasites
-IgM: first Ig produced by plasma cells in response to exposure to antigen. contributes to natural antibodies |
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Term
| What is passive immunity? |
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Definition
| The temporary immunity achieved by transferring immunoglobulins or T cells from an animal with active immunity to another that has not encountered the antigen involved. |
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Term
| What provides passive immunity for calves? |
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Definition
| Colostrum: the first milk. it is rich in immunoglobulins |
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Term
| What is the largest lymphatic organ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the spleen? |
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Definition
| a storage area for red blood cells as well as a site for the breakdown of red blood cells |
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Term
| What is the function of they thymus? |
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Definition
| "training ground" for immune cells. lymphocytes are developed and checked here. it destroys immune cells that don't function well or bind to self-cells |
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Term
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Definition
| an unencapsulated aggregate of lymphatic nodules that lacks afferent lymphatic vessels. has crypts to increase surface area to make contact with antigens |
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Term
| Which cells undergo clonal expansion and why? |
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Definition
| B cells and T cells in order to make more of itself to combat the antigen detected |
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Term
| What is the basis for vaccination |
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Definition
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