teleceptors: transmit info

exteroceptors: responds to info outside the body

interoceptors: respond to info inside the body

environment->

sensor->

integrator (processor-brain)->

effector (activity-run)

chemical sensory signal

stimulated by direct contact, taste

endocrine, metabolic, growth, neural, thermogenic all change seasonally and enhance winter energy conservation

photoperiod play a role...how they tell what they should be doing

it is constant but the energy used for it comes from different rations

divert resources from other functions

driven by changes in energy availability and the requirements

increases survival and

increases reproductive fitness

thus increases fitness

mediator that comes from the cue (photperiod)

secreted from the pineal gland, secretory pattern communicates the time of the season

24 hour period

body temp

master pacemaker for circadian events via the expression of transcription factors "clock genes"

path

retina-photoreceptor-SCN-clock genes (4)

it effects the endocrine system thus it also effects anything associated with the endocrine system

seasonal energetic and immunological adaptations

regulates:

puberty/reproduction functions

seasonal adaptations: cope with energy demand via repro inibition/increase thermoregulatory capacity/enhance immune function

impact energy-saving behaviors: nest building, topor, food intake

inverslty related to patterns of reproductive activity

(prolactin vs melatonin)

seasonal breeders

females maturationin spring

males maturation in autumn

growth related metabolic cues

temp and food availability

mature females can hasten

cattle: long day stimulates growth and increases height (after puberty=heavier BW and taller)

poultry-accelerated growth and improved efficienc of gain in intermittent light as well at turkeys

pig-kinda scattered data, no exact effect

even diffusion throughout

illumination should facilitate good management

quantity: output of light source (lux) measured at the animals eyes

quality: amount light emitted at diff wavelenghts

min 50-110 lux or 5 to 10 FC; 150-220 lux

8h per day

must properly gather and process info

appropriate behavioral response

achieve fitness and remain fit

what is animal built for? kind of habitat and patterns of locomotion: quantity and quality of space

natural social organization

maintenance behaviors: feeding, grooming, thermoregulation

parental behaviors

sensitive period (time of natural development)

newborn: feeding and contact

juveniles: feeding, locomotion, play, exploratory

adults: sesual and parental

...

imprinting

filial: sexual-not till puberty

...

brain development affected by

barren vs enrichment: dendritic branching

HPA axis-long term (in utero, post natal)

mental capacity

learning is not limited to ontogen period

habituation

(sensitization is not a form of learning)

associative learning: new relations between stimulus and response

classical vs operant

associative

learned behavior response to previously neutral environmental event that becomes a newly acquired stimulus...salavating to bell experement

involuntary, reflexive behaviors

associative

learned resposne in which an action performed is associated with a positive or negative outcome

pos and neg reinforcement

means of modifying a captive animals environment in order to stimulate or encourage natural behaviors while reducing anomalous behaviors (negative behaviors)

characteristics:provides mental/physical stimulation

animal has choices

enables performance of natural behaviors

eliminates frustration

results more interesting and complex environment

physical: structural, visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory

temporal: degree to which stimulus changes using novelty and variable in fixed surroundings

social: group size and composition

changes through stages of life

influenced by:

social structure, age comp, sex ration, relatedness

use of habitat (climing, sleeping, feeding)

sensory modification (light, touch, sound, smell)

increase (specific) behvioral opportunities while reducing inappropriate behaviors

increases diversity of behaviors

provides options for behaviors

routine husbandry: mix up the feeding

animal training programs: physical exams

social groupings: should be like wild plus add visual barriers

sensory stimulations: vocal recordings, hide spices

improve activity

allow full-range of social interactions

promote interactions between animal and environment

enhance well-being: physical and mental wellness

meet anatomical and behavioral needs

physical space: fixed, space being occupied

social: portable, personal bubble

individual determins

static: required based on body size, shape

dynamic: additional space for basic postural adjustments

we choose based on behavior

large social groups

hierachial group structure

male affiliated with female group

also how they respond to humans

need less physical and more social space

no randome arrangment

personal space, contact, rank and activity

effected by:

species, sex, age, hormonal and social status

1 individual controls all the rest

resources divided unequally

dominance attained by aggression/intimidation,phychological intimidation

not favorable toward domestication becasue of unequal distribution of resources

each individual has a rank or pecking order

dominant over those below

submissive to those above

established by

fighting

avoidance

competition

stabilizes social relationships-minimize psychological and physical stress

befits both dominant and subordinant animals

cold: openings for air movement, unregulated, no insulation, same temp as outside

warm: insolation, mechanical regulation of air flow

non-pathogenic (trauma, injury, metabolic)

pathogenic-infectious

(specific-clinical symptoms, specific pathology)

(multifactorial-caused by variety of internal/external, independently dont cause disease)

micro-virus/bacteria

macro-fluke, ticks, mites

dose

virulence-index of relative pathogencity inverse to dose (less = greater)

pathogenicity=invades, infects, multiplies- disease

infectivity-ability to survive defences

invasiveness-ability to spread

heterogeneous group of intracellular organisms-replicate only within living animal cell

bigger issue inside where as bacteria bigger issue outside

inside: intestine/liver

tapeworm, roundworm

outside-disease carriers

lice, fleas

primary: skin, resp tract

secondary: immune system

innate_born with

adaptive-gained

pre-exist-non specific response, independent of priior exposure

macrophages and neutrophiles engulf and kill, extracellular

nk cells are intracellular, viral and other pathogens

cell mediated-intracellular pathogens

humoral-antibody

(B-cells, plasma cells produce antibodies)

both macro and micro parasites

related to maintianing homeostasis

skin, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands and hair

airborn particles (fomites)

solids (dust)

liquids (sneeze-vapor phase)

gases/vapors-odorus

ammonia (lighter than air)

hydrogen sulfide (rotten eggs-most deadly, manure-related deaths-lesions and lethargy)

methan-high combusition, decomposing manuer, odorless/tastless, lighter than air

Nitrogen dioxide, silo gases, fermentation of grains, dont realize till dead

Carbon Dioxide-oderless, heavier than air, reduce o2 consumption, dark kidney blood, headache, respiratiory distress, lesions

carbon monoxide: poisonous, odorless, transportational, combustion equiptment, competes with o2 to bind, brigh red blood, brain lesions

increase ventilation

decrease animal density

outodores reduce droplet infection

unfavorable condition-high air temp, quicker death

outside 50-80% humidity -decrease survivability