Internal

study of how an animal functions by coordinating specialized anatomical features and physiological processes to evade and prolong survival

not only how an animal functions in and responds to its environment through physiologiccal process (at all ages of life) but thier ability to adapt and achieve fitness!

environmental/ecological/physiological ecologies all the same: study physiological adaptations enabling animals to cope

External

deals with external environmental forces on the entire organism-actual appliance of ecological principles in those aspects of animal husbandry having to do with monitoring and managing a kept animal's external environment (we can control changes to a point)

1. biological
2. chemical
3. physical

fit to survive and fit to reproduce in its environment

.......

classifications

• evolutionary
• physiological
• sensory
• learning

slowing down:lethargy

certain animals use to continue functioning while reserving energy for their own survival

(Penquin/egg adaptive mechanism)

social altruism

social thermal regulation

mild state of torpor

genetics by environment

shape an animals life (environmental experience)

constantly

Temporal variation (in time): light, energy, temp, moisture

Spatial variation (in space): changing habitats

dispersal and migration combine the two in adaptation

Level 1: kind of habitat (sea, rain forest, pasture?) plains

Level 2: Within Habitat (species specific: cow in pasture) water hole

Level 3: Microenvironment (individual animal: how that animal precieves its surroundings) zebra drinking water

provide an environment that minimizes negative impacts (performance, productivity, health and well-being) and improves animal adaptability (fit)

make basic management decisions based on purpose and function (species-specific) and scientific principles and accurate information

care, cultivation, and production of animals and the application and use of resources needed constituentes animla husbandry

(species specific-supportive of animal's needs)

maintaining/regaining control of body integrity and psychic stabiliy

individual ability depends on

inherent ability (genetics)

accumulated life experiences

current adaptation status (well?)

unrelated genetic potential

evolutionary: long-term genetic over generations

physiologic: short-term non-genetic (homeokinetic)

sensory: mechanisms and processes adjust to strength of environmental stimuli

learning: habituation:experience guided adjustments (medium or long term)

avoiders

temporal:behavior, morphology,physiology,biochemistry

Spatial: behavioral

least costly, mainly spatial

physiological adjustments (long distance movement)

more complex are temporal

tolerators

biochemical, physiological

not high cost (as regulation but more than avoidance)

ectotherms

resisters

substantial and expensive

all levels (biochemical, physiological, behavioral, morphological)

behavioral 1st (coping)

endotherms

adaptation by animal over days or weeks to multiple adaptagents

(more like natural habitat)

Environment quality NOT based on environment or productivity or profitability

quality of environment: based primarily on range of adaptate category of animal in its envrionment

S.O.B (state of being)

physiologic (bodily) and psychological (psychic) status

...

determined by: nature of response required, coping ability

...

categories: well-fair-ill

correspond to S.O.B (well-fair-ill)

actual categories

its adaptate categories (0-4)

basal regulation: in harmoy with environment

unrealistic b/c environment is always changing

S.O.B very well or well

Where we want animals most often

some extraordinary processes (one or multiple adaptagents)

S.O.B - Well

low-2 can cope with some difficulty

high-2 internal equilibrium may be moderately compromised

S.O.B well-fair

animal inacting stress response

set of multiple adaptagents

animal cannot succcessfully cope

maybe overloaded

stress response (S.O.B fair or ill)

unacceptable

single or multiple adaptagents that are abrupt and severe (hit by car)

animal overwhelmed and quickly succumbs

no time to adjust-death

S.O.B ill

the process of achieving stability through change

ADAPTATION

 ....

property of organisms (or any open thermodynamic system) to regulate its internal environment through interactions of nervous, immune and endocrine systems

...

_can have positive feedback loops_

systems that maintain systems essential to life (homeostasis) in balance as environment and life changes

dynamic regulation

allows organism to move to different stable states

 ...

physiological response

ecology's central phenomenon-more specifically allostatsis

...

THERMAL also known as homeothermy: condition of relatively constant temperature within animal's body core (vital organ reside-higher MR than muscles in shell)

insufficient resources

insufficient response

experience stress

consequences: reduce fitness\costly

biological responses

alter internal funtion, divert nutrients, directly reduce productivity, increase performance variation, impaired disease resistance

cope=adapt

nature of adaptagent

individual animal (genetic adaptability, and adaptation status)

the stimuli

adaptagents provoke adaptates

(only an adaptagent if provokes adaptation)

environmental stimulus, genetic adaptability, adaptation status

behavioral, physiological, functional, structural, or combination

its the response to adaptagents

frequency

novelty

speed

duration/intensity

form of learning

learn a stimuli is not harmful

animal unable to return to baseline (homeostasis) due to adaptagent

if habitution does not occure the limits of adaptability can be exceeded = stress/death

can interact with frequency to influence coping

if doesnt return to baseline adaptate intensified

potential to exceed adaptability

brief response can wane (learn to ignore it)

longer noxious can cause more response till animal cannot retur to baseline=exceed adaptation limits

relates to adaptate:

fitness and performance index (10-0)

range of adaptate category (0-4)

S.O.B (well-fair-ill)

related to time course (time it takes animal to go between baseline) dependent on animal factors

environment neutral (cow moves over in pace)

PI/FI 10

range of adaptate 0 (basal)

S-O-B very-well

minor cold(feather ruffle) 

FI/PI 9

range adaptate low 1

S-O-B well

adjust to ammonia in cage

unable to return to baseline:stress requiring homeokinetic response

FI/PI 8

Range adaptate high 1

S-O-B well 

beak trimming 

FI/PI 8

range adaptate high 1

S-O-B well 

rabbits in small cages

FI  8

PI 7

range adaptate low 2

S-O-B fair

horses in hot humid trailer-released

FI 7

PI 6

Range adaptate high-2

S-O-B fair

able to return to basline at some point

rough flooring for extended time

FI 5

PI 6

range adatpate low 3

S-O-B ill

extreme heat stress

adaptagent provokes major extraorrdinary response

FI 4

PI 5

range adaptate high 3

S-O-B ill

lightning strike/hit by car

FI 0

PI 0

Range adaptate 4

S-O-B very ill/dead

Glucocorticoids and ANS (autonomic nervous system)

mediators are crucial (productive and adaptive) enhance survival and health but can be damaging when accumulative effects (wear-and-tear) occur

allostasis: stability through change and capacity to change

A.K.A a fit animal

(not homeostasis)

hunger and thirst

discomfort

pain, injury, disease

fear and distress

express normal behavior

complete freedom undesirable

on one side use it or loose it on the other wear and tear

habituation, hypersensitive, no habituation, prolonged, hyposensitive

MUST CONSIDER THEM ALL TOGETHER

different problems result in different responses

behavior: can move away

internal systems: immune system etc.

health and immune status: will effect next factor

productive and reproductive performance

intrinsic (who they are)

body size, mode of locomotion, mode of reproduction, breed, gender, physiologiccal age, disease status (well-ill), stress

environmental

previous plane of nutrition, productiion scenario (hill/flat), productin level (lactation?), climate (pen, pasture condition)

partitioned into two parts

maintenance and production

will meet maintenance needs first then production because maintenance is critical to the individual's survival

rate of fitness index

physiological status

diet composition

...

dependent on

species

quality and level FI

productive performance

Metabolism

basal metabolism

body activity

thermal regulation

Gain

reproduction/pregnancy

tissue growth and fat

product (egg, wool, feathers) or work

flow of energy through an animal

limits-behavior, growth, reproduction

determins-food needs

affected by- activity, thermal condition and species

tell us-animals adaptations

metabolism for warmth

higher metobolic rate than ectotherms

requires more energy (90% total metabolism for body temp)

resting metabolism and regulationof body heat higher in winter

body mass

smaller = higher MR

essentially MR of a resting and fasting animal at given body temp

energy required to maintain basic biological functions, independent of activity, digestion, or cost of physiological stressors

not measurable

evaporation of moisture from lungs and skin

relative humidity

wind (air movement)

rain (precipitation)

tempurature (ambient or air)

radiation

they have more surface area compaired to volume!

also more use to nice warm environment

internal : core-boundary

controlled by animal, determins external step

external: animal-environment

defines major mode

body core

body shell

cover layer

boundary layer (tip of cover)

surface layer (last two combind)

external step begins in the boundary between the cover layer and boundary layer

think warm fur

external step begins between boundary of boundary layer and environment

think wind ruffling fur tips

external step begins between the body shell and the cover layer

(pressing skin agains wall-flatten fur)

only a mode of heat loss

external step begins between the boundary of body shell and cover layer

boundary layer has no role

think where sweat comes out of skin

process of maintaining internal temp within tolerable range

1-2 C

physiological

anatomical

behavioral

neurons that detects changes in temp

thermoreceptors in

CNS, Extrahypothalmic, walls of major veins, GI, other structures, Periphery (shell/skin)

heat is held in

"constrict, hold tightly to"

disaptes heat

"bye bye-die"

it is a high metobolic rate site and periphery to the environment, close to exchange site

vasculation increases insulation

physical first biochemical second

biochemical require increase MR-shivering

increase metabolic rate, stimulated by nerve fibers in HTC and spinal cord

mobilize energy fuels

increase cardiac output

synergizes with thyroid hormone

aggregation of ambient temperature and how the animal perceives ambient temperature

moisture, wind velocity, insulation of animal

smaller and younger animals

this is because they have more surface area relative to thier core volume

in other words they get colder quicker

this animal can now stand more cold

increase maximize insulation

increase plane of nutrition

increase cover depth

this animal will now get colder quicker

decrease maximal insulation

decrease plane of nutrition

decrease cover depth

Central nervous system

peripheral nervous system/endocrine components

goal is to conserve energy (maintain BT)

behavior first -reduce SA and seek shelter

physical second- vasconstriction then increase cover (ruffle feathers)

chemical third - increase metabolic heat prodution-involuntary shivering

goal to reduce metabolic heat (dissipate heat)

skin temp major input

first behavior-increase SA

second physical-vasodilation

third chemical-control heat production via MR