the epididymis 3 parts

caput (head)

corpus (body)

cauda (tail)

acquisition of fertility, development of motility, nuclear maturation, surface chages, membrane permeability, sialic acid containing mucopolysaccaride (decapacitation),

secretory functions (glycerolphosphorylcholine for energy), concentration of sperm (water removal) and storage of sperm (10-60d)

end product: motile, fertile, capable of binding oocytes

seminal vesicle-viscous yellowish fluid (proseminogelin protein produced)

prostate gland-thin, milky white fluid (neutralizes female tract)

bulbourethral (Cowper) gland - <1% of semen (clear lubricant for head of penis)

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)-enlargement of prostate (compresses urethra and obstructs flow, promotes bladder and kidney infections)

...

Prostate cancer-second most common cancer in men (lung cancer #1)

pain first indicator, metastasizes to nearby lymph nodes then the lungs, digital rectal exam (DRE) used, elevated levels or serine protease (PSA) and acid phosphatase in the blood

3 cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue fill with blood during sexual arousal and account for its enlargement and erection

single, corpus sponginosum along ventral side

paired corpora cavernosa

....

contain many blood sinuses (Lacunae)

trabeculae-partitions between lacunae

erection induced by blood flow into the erectile tissue which is initiated by nitric oxide release

parasympathetic: rest and digest

sympathetic: fight or flight

both involved in copulation...

parasympathetic: erection via pelvic splanchnic nerve (T1-L2)

sympathetic: ejaculation via sacral splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)

Point and shoot

40% of men between 40-70

drugs (SSRIs, etc)

neurologic disorders (MS, spinal injury, etc)

trauma (bladder surgery etc)

cavernosal disorders (Peyronie's, etc)

vascular changes (age, lifestyle choices i.e. smoking)

slows down the breakdown of cGMP by phosphodiestrase type 5 and prolongs the duration of the erection

it is a phosphodiestrase inhibitor

accesory sex glands and epididymis

they lubricate penis, provide energy to sperm, neutralize female tract, and gel or liquefy semen

(Vagina) immediate transport, falls out/phagocytosis

cercvix: privleged pathway removes-> (non motile/abnormal)

uterus: capacitation initiate/phagocytosis

oviduct:capacitation completed/hyperactive motility

fertilization: acrosome reaction/penetration oocyte, male and female pronuclei form

sialomucin-low viscosity=pnetrance

sulfomucin-high viscosity=removes poor swimmers

prevent infection

sperm plasma membranes are scrubbed by mucus resulting in removal of sterols and plasma membrane adsorbed molecules

leukocytes produce reactive oxygen species that increase capacitation of viable sperm

(male repro tract is sterol rich environment)

facilitated by uterine sterol sulfatase

increases permeability to calcium

exposes cell surface receptors and permits binding of stimulatory ligands

cholesterol efflux-change membrane permeability

influx of ions (calcium and bicarbonate)

increase in cAMP (by adenyl cyclase) results in activation of PKA

above changes plus periovulatory fuid components=hyperactivated motility and tyrosine phosphorylation of sperm proteins

results: hyperactive motility and phosphorylation of tryosine residuules in spem proteins

structure of the oocyte

supported by hyaluronic acid matrix; these cells secrete chemotactic compounds

structure of the oocyte

Made of three proteins: ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3; hardens after fertilization (cortical granules)

sperm movement directed by chemicals

sea urchins-small peptides (resact)

frogs-allurin

mammals-progesterone, bourgeonal, allurin-like proteins

mammalian sperm go from straight to zig zag

invertebrates go from circular to spiral

(sea Urchin) Calcium influx effect how sperm turns

ampulla further from ovary but longer than isthmus

chemotais zone: oocyte

thermotais zone: isthmus/ampulla

temp difference of 1.5 celcius across isthmus/ampulla (warmer closer to ovary)

(cumulus cell matrix)

the sperm uses hyperactivated motility and

glycosylphospotidalinositol (GPI) hyaluronidase anchored on the sperm surface (refered to as PH-20)-dissolves sticky matrix holding COCs together

The cumulus cell matrix is known as the jelly layer in amphibians

Binding: sperm bind to O-linked carbohydrate ZP3 (on oocyte zona) thus inducing acrosome reation:

acrosome reaction

acrosome proteins/hydrolases/proacrosin convert to acrosin during acrosomal exocytosis

= achieve zona penetration

ZP3-binds galactosyl transferase (GaIT) on sperm to induce acrosomal exocytosis

heterotrimeric G protein & phospholipase C activation occur triggering...

influx of Ca+2 (T-type channels)

additional Ca+2 can then enter by Trp family Ca+2 channels sustaining increase in intracellular Ca+2

the exposure of inner acrosomal mebrane and acrosomal exocytosis follows

The plasma membrane fuses

CD9 of oocyte and Izumo on sperm bind = plasma membrane fusion

if one or the other is null the respective sex is infertile

It is the egg's turn to react!

the prior fusion causes (1) rise in intracellular Ca+2 that causes

(2) cortical granule exocytosis...

this causes

(3) zona to harden to prevent multi fertilizations (Slow Block) to polyspermy

formation male/female pronuclei

secondary oocyte completes meiosis II and extrudes 2nd polar body

dipolid number chromosome restored

mitochondria all from mom

sex determined by male sex chromosome

40%

can use semen analysis, sperm function tests (assays), and sperm antibody test (cases where antibodies bind to sperm keeping them from binding to the egg)

1)collect and evaluate

2) extend semen

3) equilibration (time needed for sperm/egg yolk: citrate to completely mix, antibiotics to be more effective, for glycerol to enter cell) b4 freezing or wont be effective

4)cooling semen

5) insemination (finding doses)

6) semen storage temperature and duration

7) freezing mortality

extends volume (can service more animals)

extends functional life of sperm

ability of semen to be extended dependent on...

concentration

quality-motility and morphology

fertility of sire (produce live offspring)

provide energy/nutrient for sperm-do not have own anabolic capability (can convert glucose into fructose for motility fuel)

(egg yolk/glucose/buttermilk)

provide buffering action to compensate for shift in pH due to lactic acide production; preserve viability of sperm (Na citrate and Na phosphate)

provide protection against rapid cooling/temp shock (glycerol)

maintain optimal osmotic pressure (salt balance)

inhibit growth of icroorganisms (antibiotics)

increase volume of original

substance used to protect biological tissue from freezing damage

Permeable-can cross cellular membrane

(glycerol, DMSO, ethylene glycol)

Nonpermeable-does not cross cellular membrane

(egg yolk, sucrose, milk)

replaces the water in the sperm head (if didnt cooling would rupture head), prevents formation of ice crystals

works for oocytes and embryos as well

impermeable

controls the rate/amount of water that leaves the sperm cells to control shrinking or swelling due to changes in osmotic pressure

1 degree celcius per 3 minutes

slow=lowers stress on cellular membrane

33%

must be more live normal cells than this # in order to inseminate

sperm frozen in set concentration: cant recount sperm #s before insemination

room temp: special extender needed and lasts 6-7days for fresh insemination

refridgerated-store up to 4 days

frozen- up to indefinitely....use liquid nitrgen (-320 degrees) which must be maintained

straws-.25-.5ml (nitrogen freezing)

pellets-depressed into block of dryice

ampules-older method-sterile container

motility

live/dead stain

acrosomal status

use of dyes

permeable stain (green) impermeable ipropidium iodine(orange/red)

intact membrane = can take up fluorecent dye

dead takes up the iodine

rapid freezing/plunging into liquid nitrogen

no time for ice crystal formation

...

prevents damage by cryoprotectants because exposed to more but at a shorter period of time

less water than slow freeze

 more success for oocytes than slow freeze

viability and genetic stability of cell

failure to ensure continous storage temp

contamination with liquid nitrogen containing viruses, bacteria or pathogens

explosion of sample due to improper sealing or incoorrect containers

damage to zona pellucida (crack or tear) beause of ridgidity

semen analysis-check b4 breeding to compair multiple ejaculations

acrosome reaction-oocyte not accounted for so cant determin fertilization

heterospermic insemination: alternate dye to determin most fertile

zonal free assay-excludes zona binding

zona binding assay (cheaper than hetero yet ignores sperm head decondensation or fertilization)

bitch

bicornuate uterus

zonary placenta (belt) relaxin- endotheliochorial

vestibule: cingulum cuts of vaginovesestibular junction (at right angle)

vagina: fornix; semen deposition

pregnancy: ~63d (CL dependent)

implantation (d 18-20 post LH surge)

pseudopregnancy full length

Stud

prostate only accessory sex gland-androgen dependent and bilobed

vascular:  bulbus glandis and os penis (bone)

quick to ejaculate (80s)

semen = 3 fractions (clear, milky(sperm), clear(prostatic))

female:

first estrous cycle

depends on breed

split or false heat

silent heat

male:

testicular descent by 4 months (av 5-12mo)

spermatozoa seen in ejaculate

libido present

proestrus (9d)-FSH declining, estrodile increasing, flatline estrodile and progesterone(mostly cornified cells)

estrus (9d)-estrodile decreasing, FSH/LH 1 pulse, progesterone increase toward end (all cornified)

diestrus (50-63d)- progesterone decrease, LH pulses, estrodile decrease, prolactin increase if pregnant (parabasal cells dominant)

anestrus(~5month)-high FSH then estrodile, and pulsating LH and low flat line progesterone (most parabasal cells)

nonseasonal

spontaneous ovulators

monoestrus (1-2 per year)

anestrus variable (~5 months)

helps with breeding timing: looking at vaginal epithelial cells

progesterone-parabasal (diestrus/anestrus)

cornified-estrus (estrus and proestrus)

estrodile is the control

PMSC + hCG

FSH +/- estrogen priming

GnRH

cabergoline (dopamine agonist)-increaes pregnancy because dopamine causes abortion

dog-tie

3 stages

first stage/mounting/pre-sperm fraction

intromission/full erection/sperm rich fraction

second stage/180 degree turn of penis; prostatic fraction

63 days

ovulate an M1 oocyte->must go to MII to fertilize

Cl dependent

Prolactin=luteotropic

placental relaxin

similar to dog internally...risk of ripping suspensory ligament (friable)

puberty (4-13 mon)

induced ovulator

coital behavior-repeat needed

pseudopregnant half of pregnancy

vascular/os penis

penile spines - androgen dependent

prostate and bulbourethral glands (accessory)

Puberty 7 months

first estrus (4-13 mo)

onset influenced by: condition/body weight/breed and season

Oriental bready early

long-hiared and manx late (11-12 mo)

first spermatogenesis/ability to ejaculate (earliest 7mo)

age at first mating depends on conditon/body size, season, breed

testes descent at birth

may take up to 86 hours to pick male

foreplay: flehmen, sniffing, nose touching, grasp scuff

intromission: ejaculation, pelvic thrusting, male dismount to avoid queen aggression

repeates needed to stimulate LH release in queen

seasonal poly-estrus induced ovulators

small percentage spontaneousy ovuulate

prolonged anestrus due to photoperiod changes

majority of estrus events occur in spring and summer

progesterone-CL and placenta

Prolactin-REQUIRED FOR PREGNANCY MAINTENANCE

Relaxin-placenta

sex determination

genetic sex (XY/XX)

godandal sex (gonads)

sex differentiation

gonadal sex

phenotypic sex (outward apperence/organs)

birds: male ZZ female: ZW

some lizards/toroises no heteromorphic pair of chromosomes: sex kinda determined by temp

Mammal: barr body (inactive X)

XXY: klinefelters (sterile-testicular hypoplasia)

XO: turner's (sterile-inactive ovaries)

sry gene encodes a protein binds to and bend DNA at specific sites (HMG)

Putative transcriptional activator/repressor that activates or represses gene transcription

...

XY-ovary formation (deletion/mutation Sry)

XX-testis formation (insertion of Sry-translocation)

Bipotential gonad and mesonephros areas of chromosome-Sry on bipotentail

undifferentiated Gonad to start

ovary/testis arise from Mesonephros (primitive kidney germinal ridge)

primordial germ cells migrate from yolk sac to mesonephros chemotactic agen stimulates movement to primitive kidney of embryo to form either oogonia or spermatogonia

wolffian or mesonephric duct

Testis determining factor

testes develop

sertoli cells secrete anti-mullerian hormone

thus leydig cells differentiate and paramesonephric duct degrades

leydig=testosterone-male duct system develop

dihydrotestosterone-develope penis/scrotum/accessory sex glands (external genitalia)

has testes but female external genitalia (XY)

testicular feminization in men linked to X

appear female-lack androgen receptor for male sexual development

freemartin-cattle

ovaries but male external genitalia

female XX/XY

male hormones pass into female in twin pregnancy exchange of blood cells from male to female stimulates male duct development

lack of androgen receptors

deficiency in dihydrotestosterone (dominican republic)-XY men have external female genitalia and internal testis)

women

ACTH stimulates adrenal to produce cortisol but lack of enzyme for conversion of progesterone to cortisol increases high concentration of testosterone causing masculinization

follicle=estradiol

ovaries main source of estrogen

LH/FSH

glycoproteins (sugars attached)

two polypeptide subunits:

alpha-common to all glycoprotein hormones and mass produced

beta-confers both biologic and immunologic specificity (different for all glycoproteins) limited production

gonadotropin

smaller of the two

stimulates androgen (testosterone) production from ovary. (cAMP-mediated)

Lh surge in mid-cycle stimulates ovualtion/lutenization

(progesterone production)

gonadotropin

larger of the two

increases FSH receptor in ovary

induces LH receptor in ovary

induces acromatase synthesis (androgen->estrogen)

causes granulosa cell proliferation

amplitute greater in luteal

frequency greater in follicular

low, tonic estrogen levels are negative feedback on LH pulses amplitude.

As Estrogen levels rise: after a certain threshold the positive feedback kicks in and estrogen stimulates both frequency and amplitude LH pulses

hypothalmo-hypophyseal portal system

males only have tonic center in hypothalmus

females have both tonic and surge center in hypothalmus (they can undergo an ovulatory surge of gonadotropins, becasue surge center allows positive feedback of estrodile females can ovulate (requires pos feedback)

neurons in various regions of hypothalmus regulate GnRH

acts via G-protein (7 membrane) coupled receptor known as GPR54

differentiation between males and females: testosterone needs to cross blood/brain barrior in fetal males but bound in fetal females

ewe

LH pulse frequency increases as daylenth decreases

ewes dont show estrus or cycles or ovulation when daylenth is at maximum

visual and olfactory cues dictate seasonality

retina-hypothalmus

RHT=retinohypothalmic tract

pineal gland regulator =melatonin

increase melatonin = cycle

increase frequency of GnRH pulse generator, occures because of leptin increase

decrease in sensitivity to estrogen, thus positive feedback occurs

melatonin either increase or decrease

increase GnRH and LH

decrease hypothalmic sensitivity to estrogen

increase leptin

progesterone in luteal phase

estrogen in follicular phase (produced by follicle)