visual

chemical

auditory

tactile

show little variability in intensity and duration

(signals of species or group identity)

vary in intensity and/or duration at the relative arousal or motivation of the animal changes

(eggressive behavior)

animals will often communicate the same message using multiple sensory modalities

dog example:

visual ears back, licking lips

auditory- growling

muzzle wrinkled and loud growls

the environment

physical properties of the signal

sensory acuity of the receiver

presence/absence of potentially harmful recievers

320 degrees

(things like cattle vision is most important)

provide info over long/short periods

communication value even in absense of sender

usually consist of more than one chem compound

(Pheromones - signals that trigger a social response in members of the same species)

urine, feces, glands, repro system

activity rhythms, ingestive behavior, body temperature, heart rate, circulating hormone levels

diurnal, nocturnal, crepuscular (dawn/dusk)

(time-giver)

refers to the periodic environmental events which control biological rhythms

light/dark cycles (strong), temp fluctuation, food availability, and social cues

study wheel running in rodents (changes signaled by mutations in the clock gene- gene period)

(SCN)

is in the hypothalamus contains a master circadian clock, which sends signals to other parts of the brain that control periods of physical activity and rest (for example the pineal gland)

phases involve substantial modifications of morphology, physiology, and behavior that must be precisely orchestrated and occur at the currect time of year (survival/repro)

....

(repro, migration, hibernation, pelage growth)

....

self-sustaining rhythms underconstant conditions of day length, temp, and food supply with a free-running period typically less than one year- why most animals also keep daily rhythms

photoperiod (daylength)

others like ambient temp, rain or food availability also play some role in certain species

internal cues because they are more constant

animals in different location may experience vary little seasonal variation so they depend most on internal time

ability of organisms to asses and use the day lenght as an anticipatory cue to time seasonal events

signals for hypothalamus, pituitary, gonadal axis

some species this is very maniputable like sheep put under 8 weeks of short photoperiod go into winter cycles but other species depend more on internal rhythms so this change would have no effect

some species effected

hamsters prairie voles both experience testicular regression

winter pelage change in siberian hamsters

climate change can have effects - great tits (birds of Netherlands) delaying egg-laying because of caterpiller activity change (food peak change) do to temp change

most accomplished/well-known adult with autism in the world

50% of US and Canada cattle facilities are designed using guidelines/equipment designed by her

point of balance, flight zone, move in opposite direction of handler, fear memories, good first experiences

mechanistic explanations for why an animal is currently performing a particular behavior pattern

(thirst, hunger, fear, urge to migrate, mate, nest build, dust bath, etc.)

internal states which vary in magnitude

caused by internal, external, or both stimuli

(hormone changes, pheromane signals, etc)

(casual explanation for behavior)

maintenance of the animal's physiological state at equilibrium

if physiological state moves off set point, an error-detection mechanism triggers corrective response (motivation) to bring the animal back to homeostasis

signals like time of day or season of the year

(hibernation/migration)

depends on the motivation

most motivated behaviors are affected by a combination (less food available, then internal hunger)

Physiologially, neurobiology

or specifically by specific brain regions that have been found to control the effort and intensity with which motivatiionally relevant stimuli are sought and responded to, and have also been implicated in addiction and abnormal compulsive behaviiors with emotional component

door test with foxes, pull for social contact or food

(food won out - especially in hungry foxes)

help determin which stimuli animals will react to and which they will not

(identify and treate abnormal behaviors and thus improve animal management)

 yes a strong one

thus denying resource that an animal is highly motivated for can be seen as poor welfare practices because it impacts emotional state of being

often arise from attempts to perform highly motivated normal behavior patterns

substitute action for real desire

this activity does not result in the negative feedback needed to reduce the motivation (it is not satisfying)

organized phycholphysiological reactions to news about ongoing relationships with the environment

-regisstration that event is important

-attempt by person to establish, maintain, change or terminate the relation between self and the environment on those matters that are important to the person

-3 facets (behavioral, physiological, and experiential)

emotions (secs to minutes)

moods (hours to months)

emotional disorders (weeks to lifetime)- physiological changes

personality traits (years to lifetime)-stable individual differences across different situations

action tendencies, urges to act in certain ways

seeking, fear, rage, lust, care, panic, play

empathy is thought to be unique to higher primates, possibly to humans alone

(studies done in empathy and pro-social behavior in rats-let me outa the box experiments)

dog empathy-toward humans-orienting to crying humans

ability to recognize cause and effects

first demonstrated by Ivan P. Pavlov and Edward Thornddike in end of 19th centry

pavlovian conditioning (physiology of digestion-psychic secretion)

4 critical components: a stimulus, a response, second stimulus not producing unconditioned response, and the final response

...

unconditioned stimulus and response, used of conditioned stimulus to create conditioned response

...

show that animals learn about stimuli that signal or cause important events in their environment

shows that prior association can block a second association being made between stimulus and outcome, even when the contingency is present

...if a rat has already associated the sound of a buzzer with getting a shock then the addition of a light with a buzzer may not be enough to create a conditioned response ... if both light and buzzer are similatniously introduced a conditoned fear of the test light can be made

animal's own behavior is the case of an event in the environment

(behavior instrumental in obtaining outcome)

learn to increase rate of behaviors resulting in desired or appetitive environmental changes, consequences, and reduce the rate of behaviors leading to unwanted/aversive consequences

Edward thorndike 1911 first demonstrated by putting cats in a box to see how long it would take them to get out

positive means addition of something to the environment

(positive reinforcement, positive punishment)

negative means removal of something in the environment

(negative reinforcement, negative punishment)

contiguity

if a particular activity is performed a certain response will be given, possibly only under specific environmental conditons, times, or presense of specific stimuli

pigeon box... key for food dispersial

(pigeon operant chamber)

beleived any organism could be taught anything with patience (somewhat disproven now)

newly hatched turkey chicks show fear response when something overhead casts a shadow

-evolutionary predispositions influence how animals initially respond to potential hazards and how they learn new association through personal/social experiences

-can both inhibit and expedite learning

utilization of social information (social learning)

-joint behaviors (one dog barks they all bark)

unlike social learning: does not require the participants to learn something new, nor does it require that behavior will continue in the future; it is increase in particular behavior that occurs in the presence of other individuals (yawning/laughing-infectiousness)

increase in tendency to interact with an object or approach a location because of the presence and action of another individual

(person points, dog goes to that area)

-must be learned behavior

-must acquired through some form of social transmission, often by watching and interacting with another individual

-must persist even in the absence of the demonstrator

-teacher must modify behavior to make it more learnable

-teacher does not immediately benefit from change in its own behavior. (modification benefits the learner alone)

-pupil learns something would not otherwise or learns something faster or earlier than would without aid

grouping items together that share common features or functionality

pigeon-photo experiment would suggest that animal also have perceptual concepts

everything done to an object is clearly visible to the subject

children can solves visible displacement problems at 12 months of age

the object is manipulated outside the subject's sight

children can solve invisible displacement problems at 18 months of age

pigeons learn to pick up containers with smaller or larger numbers of grain

can discriminate among pictures with different numbers of dots

ravens and raccoons where found to be able to pick objects based on a specific number

brown-headed cowbirds-want to lay eggs in a nest with 2 or 3 eggs but not with 4 or more to assure care of thier egg

an animal with a theory of mind believes that mental states play a casual role in generating behavior and infer the presence of mental states in others by observing their appearance and behavior under various circumstances

(having ideas about what goes on in minds of others-motivations, who to trust)

lack of space

conspecific interactions (cages facing eachother)

lack of enrichment

lack of owner (environmental change)

lack of human interaction

volunteers

inexpensive toys

improved housing (portholes-redesign)

enrichment (playgroups)

monitoring

trainer on staff

impossible to tell at first

house temporarly(3days)

by day two most docile cats will be out looking to interact

behavioral assessments

-food aggression

fear aggression

resource guarding

separation anxiety

inappropriate elimination

(urination/defication)

fear

same reason they destroy thing when left alone - fear

also one reason cats eliminate outside the litterbox - fear

prevent bahavior problems from starting

APDT association of professional dog trainers

experts at behavior modification techniques

IAABC

international association of animal behavior consultants

handle the more complex problems

applied animal behaviorist-certified

handle cases requring medication

very few - 2 per state maybe

reduce anxiety so the animal can learn

not a sedative for the animal

must be paired with training