to provide animals with appropriate housing and managment (reduce stress, improve reproduction, increase productivity, etc.)

to train domestic animals for different services (transport, service dogs, animal therapy)

to avoid harm to humans and other animals

gain knowledge about our own species (mouse metabolically close to humans- research)

-pro: can contol environmental conditions, breeding and genetic background

-Cons: behaior repetoire and range of variation observed in the field is generally broader (limits behavioral expressions)

usually limited to a small number of species

facilities and equipment usually permit to study only a limited spectrum of behaviors

-Pros: observation and analysis can be conducted under ecologically-relevant conditions

-experimental analyses in natural settings

-collect simple observations that dont require experimentation and have yielded a vast amount of information about behaviors of large mammals (social organization, hunting behavior, etc.)

Cons: cant control/limit environmental inputs

open field test

running wheel

maze test

Morris water test- how fast find platform (symbols)

Preference test

Resident-intruder test

pigs: cognition for findig food by symbol

Russian fox project: domesticated vs wild

-tail wagging, stays at door, ears pinned

-video recordings scored by binary fashion (presence or absence of above list)

manually, video recording or specific devices for collecting information, specific analysis software, questionnaire for dog owners

-nobel prize 1904

-classical conditioning

-studied gastric function in dogs by analyzing their salivary secretion in response to food (just white coat men could cause salivation to start)

1874-1949 Thorndike

1904-1990 Skinner

operant conditioning results in behavioral modification through positive reinforcement

-cat in cage will learn to escape gradually, then can preform that task much faster the following time, pigeons learning to get food by pushing button

theory of instinctive and innate behavior

animal behavior under natural conditions

Nikolass Tinbergen (1907-1988) "fixed action pattern"

Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989) geese

Karl von Frisch (1886-1982) bee waggle dance

1978 shared a nobel prize

....

"emphasizes observing animals under more-or-less natural conditions, with the objective of understanding the evolution, adaptation, causation, and developoment of the species-species behavioral repertoire"-Tinbergen

(Theory of instinctive and innate behavior)

"fixed action patterns" - behavioral patterns

-what is the trigger of the behaivor (environmental releasing stimulus) and how is the stimuli translated into behavior (innate releasing mechanisms)

-what is an adaptive value of behavior?

-geese putting egg-like objects in their nest to lay on

-honey bee waggle dance

stimuli that activates "fixed action pattern"

visual, auditory, olfactory, supernormal stimuli

experience can improve and change context (how it is displayed) of fixed action pattern

critical developmental windows for development of certain behaviors

1. what are the mechanisms that cause the behavior
2. how does the behavior develop (developmental steps, changes with age, required experiences)
3. what is the survival value of the behavior
4. how did the behavior evolved

1. causation: play, offensive (food obtainment), defensive (food guarding), predator, maternal
2. development: displayed at only certain developmental stages, some require preliminary experiences
3. function (survival value): some aggression for well being of individual or focused on preservation of offspring
4. evolution: closely related species with similar social structure

Almost there born underdeveloped

less time for embryo developoment

usually unable to walk or locomote, may have undeveloped sensory systems and be blind or deaf

mammals with polytocous (large litters) are altricial usually (almost all carnivora species)

communication occurs very early (ultrasound communication in rodents)

Prepared born "ready to go"

longer embryo development time

usually capable of locomotion quite early

may seek food with a little help and initiate social interactions shortly after birth

 ....

mammals species with oligotocous (one or few young) are precocial usually

...

rich variety of communication occurs immediately after birth

-before hatching social interactions: call to stimulate parents to turn the egg and return to incubation, respond to maternal calls, some (chicken and quail) make low frequency sounds to facilitate hatching synchrony

-hatching is a distinctive motor behavior produced by avian embryos that is expressed in a conservative behavioral pattern, must get into hatching position by "tucking"

hen broods newborns (warm and safe)

teach about environment

-eating stimulation

-pecking/vocalization helps toidentify edible food

-teaching how to roost on branches at night

-young require parental assistance in feeding, thermoregulation, and othe aspects of self-maintenance

-all songbirds and other avian taxa that larn to sing from social partners are altricial

learning process by which very young animals (within hours after birth) become socially bonded to their parent(s).

Lorenz:

-extensively studied in precocial birds

-takes place during limited ontogenetic phase (sensitive period)

-attachment to parents, humans, inanimate objects (boxes/cylinders)

learning process by which young become socialized (develop an affinity to their species)

can affect mate preference later in life

class of social stimuli rather than specific individual

-play/grooming resembled their foster mom's species

-species-specific patterns of aggression, climbing, feeding, and vocalization were unaffected (innate behaviors)

-males prefered to socialize/mate with cross foster mom's species even after 3 years of living with genetic species

-female cross-fosters significanly weeker effects and reversible within 1-2 years

(sex differences)

-male zebra finches learn mother's plumage and bill color (lighter and orange bills) later recognize and cort females based on these characteristics - not same for females (males have to experience mothers with crests to have a preference for this noval trait)

lenght of time during ontogeny in which a phenotype can be expressed in response to a changing environment, time in development when particular type of experience can be absorbed and transformed in a particular behavior (learning bird songs)

...

zebra finches

-social interaction required (not just playback)

-males learn during critical period before ~35 days

-females only make long calls

-males cannot modify after reach maturity ~90 days and use elements heard up to 65 days

Neonatal

Transitional

Socialization

Juvenile

not sharply defined and thus may vary among breeds that mature at different rates

-1-2 weeks of age

-puppies deaf and blind relying instead on tactile and olfactory cues

-front legs used for locomotion pulling hind legs behind

-sleeping and eating is the majority of activity

-urination/defecation must be induced by mother (not spontaneous-licking or bellies)

-first 3 days - flexor dominant response to scruffing

-day 3 - 4 weeks - extensor dominant to scruffing

-first 2 weeks crossed extensor reflex in limbs

-few days old to 4 weeks rooting reflex to find nursing

-eyes open to day 20

-eyes open day 10-16 but takes a couple day to start following visual stimuli

-14-18 days ears open and startle responses to sound

-vision = head swing to locomote

-12-14 days weight bearing on all fours

-learn to recognize familure individuals

-urination/defecation occurs spontaneously

-environmental interactions begin to occur

-4-14 weeks

-BEHAVIORAL WINDOW (important learning period concerning environment)

-milk dependent then transitioning to solid food and milk independence

-play behavior begins

-dominance hierarchies form

-14 weeks to sexual maturity

-increasing size and competency at adult activities

-4-6 months start to show adult sexual behavior

-18 months or older till mature socially

-important to animal development (learn what postures mean)

-social play most common but some solitary play occurs

-actions observed in other contexts like chasing, face pawing

-metacommunication signals (tail wag)

-repeated and exaggerated movement indicating pleasurable quality (approach/withdrawl/galloping)

-exchange roles

-object play to novel stimuli

Socialization period

(4-14 weeks)

...

small amount of experience can have long lasting effect on behavior

...

-dog contact

-human contact

-environment (where will the dog travel later in life)

...

isolation from 2-20 weeks can cause markebly disturebed dogs that have impaired learning abilities

-same 4

-socialization period: pups begin to leave den (1 month), solicit nursing till week 10

-hazard-avoidance response starts day 19 (Dogs day 49)

-female tends den till week 3 or 4 then male/female attendance levels out by week 5

wolves just do everything faster

conventional foxes: by day 45 spike in cortisol and decrease in exploratory behavior (hazard-avoidance begins)

tame foxes: by day 45 cortisol is decreasing and exploratory locomotion is increasing... continues past day 60

-Livestock guardian dogs do no show predatory motor patterns before the socialization period is closed

-Livestock guard dogs will be born in the sheep barn and grow up socializing with the sheep

-Herding dogs develop first half of the hunt process

Orient>eye-stalk>chase>grab>bite>consume

-2-7 weeks (begins earlier than dogs and ends earlier)

-develop locomotor skills

-5 weeks gape response (vomeronasal organ) to urine appears becoming fully expressed by 7 weeks

-4-8 weeks predatory play increasing at 8 weeks

-By 8 weeks self play is more common than group play

-first 4 weeks with mother is important

-1st month exposure to people is important to prevent reluctance in approach

infant monkies with wire and cloth mothers

preceding and associated with birth (parturition) behaviors shown by the famale mammal

-increase general activity

-nest building behavior (species dependent)

-isolation from conspecifics (species and predator pressure dependent-sheep will)

increase estrogen: primer for induction of maternal behavior once contact with newborn is made

-release of oxytocine at time of parturition facilitates expression of maternal behavior

-labor/expulsion accompanied by restlessness, lying down for periods of time, followed by periods of standing and circling

-birth followed by standing and licking of offspring, and soft vocalization

-odor/content of amnionic fluids stimulate grooming by the mom

-licking stimulates newborn to stand and engage in teat seeking

contact for as brief as 5 minutes postpartum results in formation of a strong maternal bond

licking of calf takes up half the time in the first hour

if contact delayed for 5 hours then 50% calves will be rejected...critical period for formation is first few hours

-calves can recognize their dams but may make many mistakes in crowds of 20 cows

olfactory

visual

auditory

-can remain motionless for up to 30 minutes

-must learn to suckle within 6 days or cannot

-most calves suckle within 3-6hours (foals within 1 hour)

-newborns normally suckle 5-10 times per day

-dont suckle calves but are still responsive to calf stimuli (calls)

-if cow allow suckle calf for 10 weeks will produce more milk

-calves left with mothers dont exhibit stereotypic tongue rolling

-shorter the time before separation the less effect of weaning

-weaning within 6 hours = less vocalization by both

-allowing fence-line contact reduces negative effects on calves (will spend 1/2 time within 10ft of fence)

-do not break bond with yearling when next calf is born

-bull calves weaned at 11 months and heifers at 8 months

-rumination increases to occupy 7 hours per day by 7 weeks of age in calves reaise on pasture

-calves begin to spend more time with other calves than mom and sleep less

->most in morning and at feeding time

-> solitary in younger/group in older

-> special vocalization, trotting, galloping, tail elevated

->aggression increases in blls from 9-18 months

-group housing of calves allow more normal social interactions, but calves less than 2 weeks old cannot compete for access to automated milk dispensers

-to eliminate aggression most effectivly = handle for 10 days at 6 weeks after weaning

-calves raised artificially are friendlier to humans if handled within first 4 days of life

-~90 seconds a day of stroking is enough to cause easier loading and have a smaller increase in heart rate

males compete for mating with many females and provide little or no parental care

-3-10% of mammals (primates and carnivors over herbivorous) female extreme care of offspring

-extra-pair mating is generally low (genetic monogamy)

-3 forms

Female defense, resource defense, male dominance

-socially monogamous species but not sexually monogamous (new findings by DNA profiling-forced matings in absense of male guardian)

-one mate but may not have his offspring

-or harem defense polygyny

male controls access to females directly (lions)

group of females may form in part for protection against predators but they attract males which compete to control sexual access to the whole group

-indirect control by monopolizing critical resources (food)

females of many species do no live in tight clusters, but a male may still be able to defend a territory that makes him polygynous if the resources females need are clumped spatially, permitting economical defense of a resource base territory

(African cichlid fish-move shells into his territory that females need for laying eggs in)

-when it is not feasible to monopolize the mate or resouces then the most dominant males mate with several females

(2 Types)

...

-Scramble competition:

females and resources they need are widely dispersed (costly to defend either) males trying to find scarce receptive females before others

-Lek

males fight to control very small area which is used as a display arena (clustered or scattered)-females pick  (Topi antelope)

females produce large eggs (costly to produce) while males produce small sperm (less cost per sperm)

gives rise to different sex strategies...

-female reproductive success is far more dependent on the quality of her partner than on the number of males she mates with

repro success limited by number of eggs she can produce

eggs are costly to produce because they are large

females spend more time/energy caring for resultant ofspring because of investment

-female birds pick mates by showieness, nest quality, food resource, vocal behavior, age and courtship displays

provide information about his quality.. how much spare energy does he have to put into his showiness?

(birds of paradise)

-sexual selection occurs - selection between members of the same sex

-male-male competition

-sexual selection for fighting often leads to the evolution of large body sizes

-evolution of weapons for fighting other males

-many species males practice a dominance hierarchy

mate guarding, mate-assitance (altricial species in particular-young rearing challenging), female-enforced monogamy (females chase females)

-consequence of selection for paternal care (protection from infanticide and also carrying for young)

-mate guarding: probably from situation where males could not defend multiple females

monogamous

-high partner preference, intensive parternal behavior and aggression toward strangers

some change during mating makes males uninterested in other females

female release of oxytocin male release of vasopressin

vasopressin receptors in thalamous and olfactory region of brain, social bonding is facilitated by injection

-polygamous

vasopressin release

receptors in lateral septum of brain

social bonding is NOT facilitate by injection

Polygyny (male having more than one female mate)

only a few males needed to impregnate many females

-eliminate male-male copetition and female choice

-controlled (hand breeding)

-artificial insemination

The process of natural selection that occurs when hereditary distinctive individuals differ in the number of surviving offspring they produce or number of genes they pass to subsequent generations (when one gene line does better than others)

-individual reproduce with unconsciious goal of propagating their distinctive family genes more successfully than others

William Hamilton

producing its own offspring is not the only way in which individuals can make a genetic contribution to the following generations

increase the chances of survival and reproduction of relatives who share a certain proportion of their genes

alloparenting (assisting to raise young)

and social learning

linear: small groups (wolves)

non-linear: large groups (cows)

social status passed to young via age and also mother's social position

no!

hungry domestic foul will compete for access to food but thirsty birds wait thier turn

to establish it

and to avoid aggression