Term
| Food, Oxygen, Living cells, Waste excretion |
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Definition
| Instead of just memorizing, we can define "nutrition" using our own words if we can remember 4 terms, which are: |
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Term
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Definition
| We mentioned that many minerals can easily form salts or insoluble complexes, and their absorption rate is rather low! Exceptions are "Na, Cl, and K." We also mentioned another mineral with a greater absorption rate, which was: |
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Term
| Metabolism; Metabolic transport |
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Definition
| Perhaps, we can say that "fat-soluble" vitamins are mostly involved in the regulation of _______, whereas "water-soluble" vitamins are mostly involved in ________ _______. |
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Term
| Build up Ca and P in bones |
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Definition
| As we mentioned, "laying hens and lactating sows" do mobilize a lot of Ca and P from bones, which can lead to leg problems. To prevent such problems, it is important for them to- ____________________________________- before laying or lactation period. |
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Term
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Definition
| It seems that pigs do have "preference" for certain feedstuffs, but a sense of taste for poultry may be associated with _________ rather than preference. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Gizzard teeth" are uniquely associated with the fowl and consisted of a protein-polysaccharide complex known as "__________," which can form the rod that can protrude through the lining of the luminal surfaces. |
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Term
| Duodenal gland & Crypts of lieberkuhn |
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Definition
| In the small intestine, 2 sets of glands, "________ & ________" are primarily responsible for most the secretions. |
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Term
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Definition
| It seems that the chicken's "lymphatic system" is poorly developed, which is important because, unlike other species, they cannot absorb _____________ through the lymphatic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two important functions of the pancreas? Although we should not ignore others such as secretion of ___________, the primary function seems to be supplying enzymes and some hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| We all know something about insulin and glucagon, but we should not forget "_____________," which can control the action of insulin and glucagon. |
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Term
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Definition
| As mentioned, animals may be "marginally" deficient or excess in some nutrient, such as vitamins, but often, we may not realize that at all simply because: |
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Term
| Peptide hormones and enzymes |
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Definition
| When we think about maintenance need for protein or N, some very obvious and important terms would pop into our head such as: |
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Term
| Growth is defined by an increase in structural cells such as muscle and bone |
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Definition
| In practice, "fattening or finishing" is an integral part of growing animals for commercial meat production, but strictly speaking, it is not part of growth because: |
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Term
| Some are synergists and some are antagonists. Some can cause secondary deficiency |
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Definition
| It is rathe important for us to have some ideas on "interactions" of mineral for a couple of reasons, which are: |
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Term
| Reducing microbial growth |
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Definition
| As ingesta and digesta move through the gastrointestinal tract, there are some changes in pH, which would be important for: |
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Term
| Complicated, laborious, and requires a high accuracy from collection to analysis |
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Definition
| We mentioned that the "balance test" may not be a good method to use in estimating the mineral requirement. Do you remember why? |
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Term
| They use crop for storage, and proventriculus and gizzard for gastric digestion |
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Definition
| Unlike pigs, chickens do not have a true "stomach!" Well, then, how do they accomplish the initial digestion of feedstuffs/feed? |
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Term
| When we measure digestibility, it is only apparent "digestibility" due to the excretion of endogenous materials |
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Definition
| When we're talking about digestibility, we used the term "apparent" digestibility! Why didn't we just say "digestibility or true digestibility?" |
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Term
| They are shed into the lumen, not secreted |
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Definition
| "Brush border enzymes," such as lactase, sucrase, and peptidases, are a bit different from, let's say, pancreatic enzymes simply because: |
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Term
| When fluid or foam covers the cardia, burps are inhibited. In cattle this can be caused by the rapid release of soluble protein or gas production from microorganisms |
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Definition
| As we all know, microbes can produce a lot of glass...e.g., 30 to 50 L/hr. in cattle...and one of the well-known disorders in cattle and others is "bloat!" Well, why do they develop such a condition? |
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Term
| False - You can't say "non-essential mineral" because if you do not have enough of that mineral you will have a deficiency. |
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Definition
| As we mentioned, we should not say "non-essential amino acids" because, metabolically, all amino acids are essential! Similarly, we should not say "non-essential minerals" for the same reason. |
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Term
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Definition
| If we give some drug based on the body weight, we may end up with overdosing animals; thus, it would be important for us to do that based on the metabolic body weight, such as body weight^0.75. |
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Term
| False - basal metabolic rate |
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Definition
| The amount of protein or nitrogen estimated by "fasting metabolism" is not sufficient for maintenance because, under practical conditions, we have to consider heat production from ingested feed, energy needed to consume feed, support normal activity, etc. |
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Term
| False - Endogenous nitrogen metabolism |
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Definition
| To estimate the "energy needs for maintenance" we have to consider endogenous urinary nitrogen, metabolic fecal nitrogen, and growth of hair, nails, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| When we consider the process of "protein synthesis," we would have to remember that all 20 amino acids must be available in adequate amounts simultaneously, and also there would be many "mistakes" in the process, thus, increasing the energy expenditure greatly. |
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Term
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Definition
| As we mentioned, usually, an "essential mineral element" shows normal distribution, i.e., the concentration would be relatively constant among individuals, tissues and(or) organs in various species. |
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Term
| False - it is a set amount, cannot increase |
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Definition
| Perhaps, the main advantage of using radioactive indicator to study mineral metabolism is that we can increase the dietary content or physiological concentration of element above the normal so that we can study its effect much more easily. |
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Term
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Definition
| Throughout the history, people had to deal with many serious diseases or disorders, and we now know that some of those can be caused by the deficiency of some vitamins. Example: Scurvy by deficiency of Vit. C and pellagra by deficiency of some vitamins |
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Term
| False - Water-soluble deficiencies are not caused by single vitamins |
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Definition
| It seems that water-soluble vitamin deficiency signs are directly related to the function of the vitamin, but it is difficult for us to relate signs of fat-soluble vitamin deficiency to some specific functions |
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Term
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Definition
| "Senses" such as sight, smell, and taste seem to play some roles in finding food/feed. For instance, the "olfactory" system seems to be very important for pigs, whereas to "vision" seems to be very important for poultry/birds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chickens have poorly developed sense of smell, and, perhaps, no mastication and having unheated mouth may have something to do with less olfactory detection. |
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Term
| False - Horses use their lips, cows use their tongue |
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Definition
| Horses use their tongue extensively in consuming feed, whereas cattle seem to use their lips extensively. Chickens? They don't seem to have a good prehension mechanism in consuming their feed |
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Term
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Definition
| It seems that some species have capacity to produce some acid at the upper portion of the gastrointestinal tract, and it might be beneficial in controlling potentially harmful ingested microorganisms...because microbes are very sensitive to changes in pH |
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Term
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Definition
| Gastrin (actually, a family of polypeptides) is the focal point of controlling gastric secretion, and it is controlled by 2 factors, histamine and secretin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regardless of species, the majority of nutrients are digested and absorbed at the upper portion of the small intestine, e.g., the jejunum, even though some nutrients can be absorbed at the lower part of the gastrointestinal system, such as B12 at the ileum. |
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Term
| False - chickens have 2 ceca |
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Definition
| Two long ceca are the primary fermentation site in pigs, but the entrance to the ceca is somewhat restricted. That's why young pigs cannot really utilize fibrous feed efficiently. |
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Term
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Definition
| Liver is important for the utilization of nutrients, and it is involved, among others, the synthesis of urea, fatty acids, and proteins and the storage of glycogen, vitamins, and others. But, it is mostly associated with the maintenance in mature or adult animals. |
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Term
| False - They are responsive to insulin, not responsive to glucagon |
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Definition
| Pigs, like humans, have a propensity to become obese partly because they are very responsive to the action of glucagon and not really responsive to action of insulin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Its amazing the each millimeter of the rumen content may contain 10-50 billion bacteria, 1 million protozoa, and various numbers of yeasts and fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| Although most carbohydrates would be fermented by rumen microbes, a small amount of carbohydrates can escape microbial fermentation. And, those carbohydrates can be digested by the host animal's digestive enzymes and absorbed efficiently. |
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Term
| False - sulfur and C-skeletons are not limiting, they are easy to come by |
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Definition
| When we're using urea as a protein supplement, we should also supplement ruminant diets with sulfur and branched-chain C-skeletons simply because those are usually limiting factors in microbial protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| "Ketosis" can be caused by inadequate oxaloacetate to utilize excess acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle. Unutilized acetyl-CoA would be, then, converted to ketone bodies, and excess ketone bodies can result in ketosis. |
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