Term
| An endocrine disruptor is a synthetic agent or natural compound that can alter what? |
|
Definition
synthesis of natural hormones
binding of natural hormones
metabolism of natural hormones |
|
|
Term
| When a pregnant animal is exposed to an endocrine disrupting chemical, the chemical adversely affects what? |
|
Definition
| Pregnant animal (F0), fetus (F1), and fetal germ cell (F2) |
|
|
Term
| When endocrine disruptin chemical binds to a membrane-bound or cytosolic steroid receptor, they usually cause their effects by altering? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diethyl stilbestrol (DES) is similar in chemical structure to which steroid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bisphenol A (BPA) has which effects on the body |
|
Definition
agonist of estrogen receptor
antagonist of estrogen receptor |
|
|
Term
| Testosterone is produced by ___ in the ___ |
|
Definition
| leydig cells, interstitial compartment |
|
|
Term
| in placentas of bovine (cattle) male-female twin fetuses do not fuse together, what is the likely outcome? |
|
Definition
| both fetuses will develop into fertile animals |
|
|
Term
| If a young man were taking androgens as anabolic steroids, his own testosterone would be ___due to _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in males, FSH regulates the production of ____ by ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tight junction between ______ protect _____male germ cells |
|
Definition
| sertolic cells, more advanced |
|
|
Term
| Genetic recombination occurs at the ___ in females and the ____in males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would you expect to happen in animals in which there was a mutation that prevented stem cell factor from being produced? |
|
Definition
| primordial germ cells would not "home" to the developing gonad |
|
|
Term
| During the last meiotic division, the DNA released by the oocte is formed into a what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if you examined oocytes in section of an ovary under a microscope, if they were normal, you would expect to find ____ polar bodies and the oocytes would be in ____? |
|
Definition
| 0, the late diplotene phase |
|
|
Term
| in the experiment we discussed in class, oocytes that lacked the cortical granule enzyme ovastacin were unable to... |
|
Definition
| prevent many sperm from binding to them after they were fertilized |
|
|
Term
| problems in oogenesis often are manifested in later developmental problems because... |
|
Definition
| the oocyte must provide a storehouse of material of material fot the developing embryo |
|
|
Term
| Oocytes arrested in the late diplotene ore dictyate phase of prophase 1 resume meiosis when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cells that Viagra act on are? |
|
Definition
cells that line sinuses in the penis
and cells that contain phosphodiestrase 5 |
|
|
Term
| Pharmaceuticals produce a drug that increases activity of guanylate cyclase. How would this be expected to affect erection? |
|
Definition
| promote erection by promoting buildup of cGMP |
|
|
Term
| The phenotyp of XXY sex chromosome would be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The last cell division in spermatogenesis occurs in which phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In normal males, the art of the mesonephric duct (Wolffian duct) will? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Animals that are XY but have a mutation in Sry will? |
|
Definition
| appear as females with ovaries |
|
|
Term
| In sex differentiation one testes are formed they produce____ that cuases ____of paramesonephric or Mullerian duct. |
|
Definition
| Anti-Mullerian Homone, regression |
|
|
Term
| XY individuals that have Androgen insensitivity syndrome... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In bilateral cryptorchids, spermatogenesis is disrupted because... |
|
Definition
| testiculare temperature is too warm |
|
|
Term
| the epididymis is 30-60 meters long in some species. How do sperm move through the duct? |
|
Definition
| they are carried the entire way by epididmal fluid flow |
|
|
Term
| the usefulness of the PSA test has been question recently becasue |
|
Definition
| about 70-75% of men with elevated PSA do not have prostate cancer |
|
|
Term
| Viagra acts on a specific enzyme to prevent breakdown of what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the Differentiation phase of spermatogenesis, spermatids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A mautre oocte, ready to be fertilized would? |
|
Definition
| have 1 polar body and expand cumulus mass |
|
|
Term
| The reproductive technology that has been most heavily adopted and has had the greates inpact on animal is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when sperm are cryopreserved (frozen-stored) a cryopreservative is added that does what? |
|
Definition
reduced ice crystal formation
produces larger gaps between ice crystals
reduces the freezing point
is toxic |
|
|
Term
| the migration of primordial germ cells migrate into the gonad occurs ___the gonad begins to differentiate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why would a compound that activates all guanylate cyclase be a poor choice to treat erectile sysfunction? |
|
Definition
| it would activate guanylate cyclases all over the body and would dialate blood vessels, lowering blood pressure? |
|
|
Term
| A patient is infertile because he produces sperm that lack acrosomes. Otherwise the sperm are normal. The patient and his wife desire biological children. What procedure should be recomended? |
|
Definition
| Intracytoplasmic sperm injection |
|
|
Term
| cytoplasmic droplets move ___ the tail as sperm pass through the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| patients with varicocele have veins with defective valves so the blood flow slows in the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| protein hormone receptors must be on the plasm membrane because why? |
|
Definition
| the hormone cannot penetrate through the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| DHEA (dehydropiandrosterone), available in stores selling nutritional supplements can be converted by the body into what? |
|
Definition
testosterone
estrodiol
dihydrotestosterone |
|
|
Term
| As men age from 20 to 70 years thier testosterone will usually |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all the processes of spermatogenesis take place where? |
|
Definition
| on the inner lining of the siminiferous tubule |
|
|
Term
| stem cell division in oogenesis ends when the female is in ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the only somatic cell insid ethe seminiferous tubule are the what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you labeled a very beginning spermatogonia, about how much time would it take for the cell to form a sperm and be spermiated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the testis must protect all male germ cells that have undergone ___ from the body's immune system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the cooling rate during sperm cryopteservation is too fast, sperm will be damaged by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sperm whose acrosome were labeled with green fluroescent protein from jellyfish were used to show what? |
|
Definition
| the acrosome reaction of the fertilizing sperm ocurrs in the cumulus cells before sperm bind the zona pellucida |
|
|
Term
| Usually the fertilizing sperm is storedd for a period of time in the ___ before fertilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A compound that acted directly on protein kinase G to increase its activity in the penis would? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The two major potent androgens that affect male secondary sex characteristics and male development are... |
|
Definition
testosterone
dihydrotestosterone |
|
|
Term
| While moving throught eh epididymis sperm are... |
|
Definition
| concentrated, maturede and stored |
|
|
Term
| Sry gene is translocated to one X chromosome of a mammal that has XX sex chromosomes, what will happen? |
|
Definition
| testes will develop in this mammal |
|
|
Term
| 50 year old man urinate fequently and it is painful, PSA was elevated. He is concerned he has prostate cancer what should you tell him? |
|
Definition
| most men (70-75%) with elevated PSA do not have cancer. He should get a digital rectal exam. |
|
|
Term
| the gonads of mammals that are xx produce what? |
|
Definition
| neither AMH or testosterone |
|
|
Term
| A mammal that had XY sex chromosomes and a mutation in teh androgen receptor making it completely insensitive to androgen would ?? |
|
Definition
| have the outward appearance of a female for its lifetime |
|
|
Term
| In dolphins, the blood entering the testes through the testiculare artery is cooled by what? |
|
Definition
| passing alongside veins containing blood cooled in the fin and flukes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| born as a twin with a male and nearly always infertile |
|
|
Term
| testosterone production is controlled by |
|
Definition
| release of LH from the anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| In monotocous species, such as cattle and horses, twinning most commonly occurs by? |
|
Definition
| multiple eggs that ovulate |
|
|
Term
| The uuterus of a pig, cow and horse has a defined uterine body and horns are classified as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| endocrien functions for reproductive tissues can best be illistrated by what? |
|
Definition
CL production of progesterone
Pituitary release of LH into blood
steroid production by the follicle
|
|
|
Term
| the type of placentation in which he placenta attaches over its entire surface is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large hormones composed of two long-chain amino acids with carbohydrate side chains are classifed as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary reason hormones such as GnRH and LH are released in pulse patterns in blood due to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In most species recognition of pregnancy first occurs as a dirrect result of what? |
|
Definition
| embryo signals that act to promote ovary progesterone production or change uterus release of prostaglandin |
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of a hormone? |
|
Definition
| substance released by an organ into the blood to cause a change in target tissue |
|
|
Term
| for regulation of reproductive function, the ___serves as the initial sensory system for all changes that occur in both the internal and external environments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a seasonally polyestrus animal the female would what? |
|
Definition
| cycle many times within one season of the year |
|
|
Term
| Oxytocin is a ____ that is released from ____ |
|
Definition
| peptide, posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| in women the term given as the end of reproductive cycles is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the presence of a fully-formed corpus luteum would be evident during ____period of the estrous cycle and would be distinguished as having elevated ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the source of melatonin is from____and is released ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for any small follicle that begins to grow its fate could be which of the following |
|
Definition
medium follicle
atresia
ovulation |
|
|
Term
| the cervix is associated with which of the following funtions |
|
Definition
source of mucus
a barrier for entry into the uterus
a passageway for birth |
|
|
Term
| In several species as pregancy progresses, to maintain pregnancy, the ____may take over ____production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the early developing embryo what is the initial requirement for wheather a male or female embryo will develope? |
|
Definition
| the presensce of an X or Y chromosome |
|
|
Term
| the innermost layer of tissue in the female reproductive tract that is continuous from the oviduct to the vaginal is called the what? what are the other layers? |
|
Definition
Mucosa
middle is Muscularis
outside is serosa |
|
|
Term
| Bidirectional muscle movement in the uterus and oviduct in response to hormones is achieved by which tissues? |
|
Definition
inner myometrium
outer myometrium |
|
|
Term
| in the hormone pathway to produce estrogen, the first step in the complete hormone pathwaay is the conerstion of ____to ____ |
|
Definition
| cholesterol to progesterone |
|
|
Term
| If you wanted to recruit follicles to grow on the ovary the hormone of choice would have predominant ____activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following are functions of the oviduct |
|
Definition
sperm and egg movement
fertilization |
|
|
Term
| placentation in livestock is a process that involves attachment of ____ to _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
describe the relationship of increasing follicle size in the follicle phase with the changes in number of FSH (1) and LH (2) receptors on these follicles
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the process of follicle degeneration is classified as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The reason FSH declines in the folliculare phase is due to what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a hormone that exhibits positive feedback to inducce an LH surge is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the signal that initiates teh process of birth is though to arise from _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In an example of negative feedback, treating a female with progesterone would do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In an induced ovulator, ovulation occurs as a direct result of teh stimulation of the cervix becasue |
|
Definition
| a neural signal travels throught eh spine to induce release of GnRH |
|
|
Term
| in the time approching birth, the expansiion of the birth canal pelvic ligaments dialtion of the cervix due to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at estrus, define all hormones that would be elevated or high in circulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The inner most cell layer of the follicle that converts androgen into estrogen is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Starting at day ___ in women, under declining ____ the endometrium is expected to fall off... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Countercurrent blood exchange between the uterine vein and the ovarian artery allows what? |
|
Definition
| uterine prostaglanding to reach the ovary |
|
|
Term
| in the life cycle of a follicle following ovulation regardless of the reporductive state, which structure will likely form at some time? |
|
Definition
corpus albicans
corpus luteum
corpus hemorrhagicum |
|
|
Term
| in any seasonally responsive livestock species reproductive ccles occur as a result of the hormone____ causing changes in release of ____ |
|
Definition
| melatoning/ GnRH and FSH/LH |
|
|
Term
| In most species, Luteolysis is a process that is related to what? |
|
Definition
the destruction of the CL
start of a new follicle phase
uterine relaes of prostaglandin
decline in progesterone |
|
|
Term
which species would have an estrus lasting 5 days?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which species does not show a 21 day cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the follicle phase of the estrous cycle which structures would be expected |
|
Definition
medium sized follicles
large follicles |
|
|
Term
| the predominant hormone during he luteal phase of the cycle is.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in most species, from the time of ovulation, how long does it take for CL to from and become functional for progesteron release into blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| formation of the luteal cells involves what |
|
Definition
change of theca to luteal cells
change of granulosa to luteal cells |
|
|
Term
| the outer most layrer of cells of a blastocyst is called _____ and will eventually from the _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the first week of embryonic development the reason the embryo cells divide but the embryo does not incrrease in size is due to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following hormones have either a direct or indirect involvement in stimulating or inhibiting uterine contractions? |
|
Definition
prostaglandin
estrogen
oxytocin
progesterone |
|
|
Term
| during early brain development for male hormone release, testosterone is... |
|
Definition
| allowed to enter but is converted to estradiol |
|
|
Term
| the key principle of cycle synchronization involves control of appearance and dissapearance of ____in blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of te following tissues ha sthe greates relative growth from birth to maturity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during fetal development most organs and tissues are grwoing primarily by which process? |
|
Definition
| proliferation of hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| which of the following intracellular signaling pathway is important for regulation cell size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of mTor (mammalian target of rapamycin) |
|
Definition
| it singals intracellular nutrient availability |
|
|
Term
| MAPK signaling results in phosphorylation of Rb protein. Rb normally inhibits transcription of cyclins. What could be the result of a mutation in Rb protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where in the cell cylce is the restriction point that checks for adequate growth factors and nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signaling between cells occurs by which of the following mechanisms |
|
Definition
autocrine
juxtacrine
pancrine
endocrine |
|
|
Term
| what are the differences between epithelial and mesenchymal cells? |
|
Definition
| relative amount of cell to cell and cell to matrix adhesion |
|
|
Term
| what mechanism for epigenetic changes in the genome? |
|
Definition
| methylation of DNA or methylation of histone proteins |
|
|
Term
| establishing the body axes in the embryo results from which of the following processes? |
|
Definition
| primitive streak inductions |
|
|
Term
| what cell type forms the primitive streak? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are important in regulating anterior/posterior axial development? |
|
Definition
retinoic acid
fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
hox genes |
|
|
Term
| hox genes are important for positional identity in which tissues? |
|
Definition
vertebrae
GI tract
Genitalia |
|
|
Term
| Myoblasts forming skeletal muscle arise from which process |
|
Definition
| migration of cells from somites |
|
|
Term
| an interesting exotic species as an unusual mutation in that Hox genes D11, D12, and D13 (very 5` paralogs) have been deleted. How would you expect the structure of this animal to appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cells forming the cartilage models for bone in the limbs arise from wich process? |
|
Definition
| proliferation of mesodermal cells beneath the epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what follows chondrocyte hypertrophy during growth of the epiphseal plate... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what portions of the skeleton form by intramembranous ossification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of multinucleated osteoclast cells? |
|
Definition
| bone remodeling throughout life |
|
|
Term
| how does a primary nultinucleated skeletal muscle fiber form? |
|
Definition
| differentiation and fusion of mononucleated myoblasts |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is an important funciton of the Insulin-like growth factor (IGFs) |
|
Definition
| increased proliferation of most cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary determinant of muscle contraction speed in adults? |
|
Definition
| the ratio of primary to secondary fiber formed in the fetus |
|
|
Term
| what hormone is the major regulator of overall animal growth? |
|
Definition
| insulin like growth factor |
|
|
Term
| what happens to growth hormone (GH) secretion in an animal on a restricted diet? |
|
Definition
| amplitude and frequency of secretory pulses increases |
|
|
Term
| what is the result of increasing hormone receptor number? |
|
Definition
| geater response at the same hormone concentration |
|
|
Term
| what is the metabolic consequence of the increase in adipocyte size as an animal grows? |
|
Definition
| a decrease in insulin sensitivity |
|
|
Term
| which growth factors are made and secreted by adipose cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which layers of epihelial cells in the skin exhibits asymmetric division? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do androgens and estrogens modulate growth? |
|
Definition
effects on growth homone secretion
effects on IGF-I production
Effects on protein metabolism |
|
|
Term
| why can synthetic steriods and testosterone have vey different effects in muscle and reprodutive tissues |
|
Definition
| differences in steroid-converting enzyme activity between tissues |
|
|
Term
| what is the relationship of size to metabolic rate of an animal? |
|
Definition
| metabolic rate is proportional to weight to the 2/3 power |
|
|
Term
| how does leptin regulate body weight? |
|
Definition
| decreases food intake and increases adaptive thermogenesis |
|
|
Term
| which of hte following hormones increases short term food intake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does increasing the percent of adipost tissue make animals less efficient? |
|
Definition
| high energy content of the tissue |
|
|
Term
| why does fast growth make animals more efficient? |
|
Definition
| reduce maintanance energy requirement |
|
|
Term
| which of the following is a pathway to parturition |
|
Definition
| increasing fetal cortisol causes a decrease in maternal progesterone |
|
|
Term
| which of the following is a major effect of thyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
| increased oxidative metabolism |
|
|
Term
| what is derived from ectoderm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| interaction between epithelial and mesenchymal cells is essentail for developmetn of what tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following is a primary effect of grwoth hormone? |
|
Definition
| increasing lipid oxidation |
|
|
Term
| what stress responses are mediated by glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
| decreased peripheral glucose metabolism |
|
|
Term
| what is a major effect of estrogen on growth? |
|
Definition
| decreasing chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy |
|
|
