Term
| A nerve ending that releases NEP as the primary transmitter; also, a synapse in which NEP is the primary transmitter. |
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Definition
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Term
| A receptor that binds, and is activated by, one of the catecholamine transmitters or hormones (NEP, EPI, DOP) and related drugs. |
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Definition
| Adrenoceptor, adrenergic receptor |
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Term
| Cells or tissues that have adrenoceptors or cholinoceptors which, when activated, alter the function of those cells or tissues, for example, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands. |
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Definition
| Autonomic effector cells or tissues |
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Term
| The neuronal homeostatic mechanism that maintains a constant arterial blood pressure; the sensory limb originates in the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus and aortic arch; efferent pathways run in parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. |
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Definition
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Term
| A nerve ending that that releases ACh; also, a synapse in which the primary transmitter is ACh. |
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Definition
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Term
| A receptor that binds, and is activated by, ACh and related drugs. |
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Definition
| Cholinoceptor, cholinergic receptor |
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Term
| A nerve ending that releases dopamine as the primary transmitter; also a synapse in which dopamine is the primary transmitter. |
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Definition
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Term
| A compensatory mechanism for maintaining a body function at a predetermined level, for example, the baroreceptor reflex for blood pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| The part of the ANS that originates in the cranial nerves and sacral part of the spinal cord; the craniosacral autonomic nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
| A receptor located on the distal side of a synapse, for example, on a postganglionic neuron or an autonomic effector cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| A receptor located on the nerve ending from which the transmitter is released into the synapse; modulates the release of transmitter. |
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Definition
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Term
| The part of the autonomic nervous system that originates in the thoracic and lumbar parts of the spinal cord. |
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Definition
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Term
| How many different possible ways can we influence an organ? |
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Definition
6 Ways
1) Adrenergic Receptor Agonist
2) Adrenergic Receptor Antagonist
3) Blocking or Enhancing Sympathetic Innervation
4) Cholinergic Receptor Agonist
5) Cholinergic Receptor Antagonist
6) Blocking or Enhancing Parasympathetic Innervation |
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Term
Rest/ Digest (Parasympathetic) What are the responses in the...
Eyes-
Lungs-
GI tract-
Saliva-
Heart-
Bladder- |
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Definition
Eyes- accommodation for near vision, miosis
Lungs- constriction; increased secretion
GI Tract- increased secretion and peristalsis; decreased sphincter tone
Saliva- copious, liquid
Heart- decreased rate and blood pressure
Bladder- decreased sphincter tone; increased detrusor tone |
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Term
FIght/ Flight (Sympathetic)- What are the responses...
Eyes-
CNS-
Lungs-
Liver-
GI tract-
Saliva-
Heart-
Fat tissue-
Bladder-
Skeletal muscle-
Skin- |
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Definition
Eyes- pupillary dilatation
CNS- drive, alertness
Lungs- dilatation
Liver- glycogenolysis, glucose release
GI tract- increased sphincter tone; decreased peristalsis & blood flow
Saliva- little viscous
Heart- Increased rate, force & blood pressure
Fat tissue- Lipolysis; fatty acid liberation
Bladder- Increased sphincter tone; decreased detrusor muscle tone
Skeletal muscle- Increased blood flow; glycogenolysis
Skin- increased sweat |
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Term
| Where do Ganglionic blockers act? |
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Definition
| they block reception at the nicotinic ganglionic receptors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What synapse is one between the axon of one neuron and the body of another? |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary transmitter at cholinergic nerve endings (preganglionic ANS, postganglionic parasympathetic, postganglionic sympathetic to thermoregulatory sweat glands, and somatic neuromuscular end plates) |
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Definition
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Term
| Sympathomimetic drug that facilitates the release of catecholamines from adrenergic nerve endings |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacterial toxin that enzymatically disables release of ACh from cholinergic nerve endings |
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Definition
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Term
| Drug that impairs reuptake of catecholamine transmitters (NEP, DOP) by adrenergic nerve endings |
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Definition
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Term
| Important CNS transmitter with some peripheral effects (renal vasodilation, cardiac stimulation) |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormone released from renal medulla, NT in CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| Drug that inhibits transport of choline into cholinergic nerve endings |
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Definition
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Term
| Product of EPI and NEP metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary transmitter at sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings; important CNS transmitter |
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Definition
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Term
| Drug that inhibits uptake of DOP and NEP into transmitter vesicles of adrenergic nerves |
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Definition
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Term
| Toxins that block sodium channels and thereby limit transmission in all nerve fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| Drug that inhibits uptake of of ACh into its transmitter vesicles |
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Definition
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Term
| Drugs with ACh-like effects |
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Definition
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Term
| A cholinomimetic drug consisting of choline (an alcohol) esterified with an acidic substance, (eg, acetic or carbamic acid); usually poorly lipid-soluble |
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Definition
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Term
| The clinical condition of excessive activation of cholinoceptors; it may include skeletal muscle weakness as well as parasympathetic signs |
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Definition
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Term
| A drug with weakly basic properties (usually of plant origin) whose effects resemble those of ACh; usually lipid-soluble |
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Definition
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Term
| Marked contraction of the ciliary muscle; maximum accommodation for close vision |
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Definition
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Term
| A drug that binds and activates cholinoceptors; the effects mimic those of ACh |
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Definition
| Direct-acting cholinomimetic |
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Term
| A potent vasodilator substance largely substance, largely nitric oxide (NO), that is released from vascular endothelial tissue |
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Definition
| Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) |
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Term
| A drug that amplifies the effects of endogenous ACh by inhibiting Acetylcholinesterase |
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Definition
| Indirect-acting cholinomimetic |
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Term
| A cholinomimetic drug that binds muscarinic receptors and has primarily muscarine-like actions |
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Definition
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Term
| In pts with myasthenia, an acute worsening of symptoms; usually relieved by increasing cholinomimetic treatment |
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Definition
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Term
| A cholinomimetic crisis drug that binds nicotinic receptors and has primarily nicotine-like actions |
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Definition
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Term
| An ester of phosphoric acid and an alcohol that inhibits cholinesterase |
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Definition
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Term
| A process whereby the organophosphate, after binding to cholinesterase, is chemically modified and becomes more firmly bound to the enzyme |
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Definition
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Term
| A drug whose effects resemble those of stimulating the parasympathetic nerves |
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Definition
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Term
ACh
What does it act on?
How is it mainly inactivated?
What is the duration of action?
Is it lipid soluble? |
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Definition
ACh
-Muscarinic and Nicotinic Receptors
-Rapidly hydrolyzed by AChesterase
-5-30s for duration of action
-poor lipid solubility |
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Term
Nicotine
What does it act on?
What is it like?
What is the duration of action?
Is it lipid soluble? |
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Definition
Nicotine
-Nicotinic receptors
-Like pilocarpine
-duration of action 1-6 hr
-high lipid solubility |
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Term
| Indirecting-acting cholinomimetics act on which receptors? |
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Definition
| Both Muscarinic and Nicotininc |
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Term
| Effect of cholinomimetics (ACh or ACh-like drug) on CNS |
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Definition
| Complex stimulatory effects, for example, nicotine (elevation of mood, alerting, addiction), physiostigmine (convulsions); excessive concentrations may cause coma |
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Term
| Effect of cholinomimetics (ACh or ACh-like drug) on EYE |
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Definition
Sphincter muscle of iris- Contraction (miosis)
Ciliary muscle- Contraction (accommodation for near vision), cyclospasm |
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Term
| Effect of cholinomimetics (ACh or ACh-like drug) on HEART |
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Definition
Sinoatrial node- Decrease in rate (negative chronotropy)
Atria- Decrease in contractile force (negative inotropy); decrease in refractory period
Atrioventricular node- Decrease in conduction velocity (negative dromotropy), increase in refractory period
Ventricles- Small decrease in contractile force |
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Term
| Effect of cholinomimetics (ACh or ACh-like drug) on BLOOD VESSELS |
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Definition
| Dilation via release of EDRF from endothelium |
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Term
| Effect of cholinomimetics (ACh or ACh-like drug) on BRONCHI |
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Definition
| Contraction (Bronchoconstriction) |
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Term
| Effect of cholinomimetics (ACh or ACh-like drug) on GI TRACT |
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Definition
Motility- Increase in smooth muscle contraction, peristalsis
Sphincters- Decrease in tone, relaxation |
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Term
| Effect of cholinomimetics (ACh or ACh-like drug) on URINARY BLADDER |
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Definition
Detrusor- Increase in contraction
Trigone and sphincter- Relaxation; voiding |
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Term
| Effect of cholinomimetics (ACh or ACh-like drug) on SKELETAL MUSCLE |
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Definition
| Activation of neuromuscular end plates, contraction |
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Term
| Effect of cholinomimetics (ACh or ACh-like drug) on GLANDS (Exocrine) |
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Definition
| Increased secretion (thermoregulatory sweating, lacrimation, salivation, bronchial secretion, gastrointestinal glands) |
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Term
| A drug that blocks muscarinic or nicotinic receptors, but commonly used to mean antimuscarinic |
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Definition
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Term
| A drug that blocks muscarinic but not nicotinic receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| Hyperthermia induced by antimuscarinic drugs; caused mainly by inhibition of sweating |
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Definition
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Term
| Marked cutaneous vasodilation of the arms and upper torso and head by antimuscarinic drugs; mechanism unknown |
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Definition
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Term
| A chemical antagonist that binds the phosphorous of organophosphates and displaces actelycholinesterase |
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Definition
| Cholinesterase regenerator |
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Term
| Paralysis of accommodation; inability to focus on close object |
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Definition
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Term
| Flaccid skeletal muscle paralysis caused by persistent depolarization of the neuromuscular end plate |
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Definition
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Term
| A drug that constricts the pupil |
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Definition
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Term
| A drug that dilates the pupil |
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Definition
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Term
| Flaccid skeletal muscle paralysis caused by blockade of the nicotinic receptor and prevention of the end plate depolarization |
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Definition
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Term
| A drug that reduces the effects of parasympathetic nerve stimulation , usually by blockade of the muscarinic receptors of the autonomic effector tissues |
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Definition
| Parasympatholytic, parasympathoplegic |
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Term
| Effect of muscarinic blocking drugs on CNS |
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Definition
| Sedation, anti-motion sickness action, antiparkinson action, amnesia, delirium |
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Term
| Effect of muscarinic blocking drugs on EYE |
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Definition
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Term
| Effect of muscarinic blocking drugs on BRONCHI |
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Definition
| Bronchodilation, esp. if constricted |
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Term
| Effect of muscarinic blocking drugs on GI Tract |
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Definition
| Relaxation, slowed peristalsis, reduced salivation |
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Term
| Effect of muscarinic blocking drugs on Genitourinary Tract |
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Definition
| Relaxation of bladder wall, urinary retention |
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Term
| Effect of muscarinic blocking drugs on Heart |
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Definition
| Initial bradycardia, esp. at low doses , then tachycardia |
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Term
| Effect of muscarinic blocking drugs on Blood vessels |
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Definition
| Block of muscarinic vasodilation; not manifest unless muscarinic agonist is present |
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Term
| Effect of muscarinic blocking drugs on Glands |
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Definition
| Marked reduction of salivation; moderate reduction of lacrimation, sweating; less reduction of gastric secretion |
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Term
| Effect of muscarinic blocking drugs on Skeletal muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| Effect of ganglion-blocking drugs on CNS |
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Definition
| Antinicotinic action may include reduction of nicotine craving and amelioration of Tourette's Syndrome (mecamylamine only) |
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Term
| Effect of ganglion-blocking drugs on Eye |
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Definition
| Moderate mydriasis and cyclopegia |
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Term
| Effect of ganglion-blocking drugs on Bronchi |
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Definition
| Little effect; asthmatics may note some bronchodilation |
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Term
| Effect of ganglion-blocking drugs on GI Tract |
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Definition
| Marked reduction of motility, constipation may be severe |
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Term
| Effect of ganglion-blocking drugs on Genitourinary tract |
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Definition
| Reduced contractility of the bladder; impairment of erection (parasympathetic block) and ejaculation (sympathetic block) |
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Term
| Effect of ganglion-blocking drugs on Heart |
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Definition
| Moderate tachycardia and reduction in force and cardiac output at rest; block of exercise-induced increases |
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Term
| Effect of ganglion-blocking drugs on Vessels |
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Definition
| Reduction in arterial and venous tone, dose-dependent reduction in blood pressure; orthostatic hypotension usually marked |
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Term
| Effect of ganglion-blocking drugs on Glands |
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Definition
| Reduction of salivation, lacrimation, sweating, and gastric secretion |
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Term
| Effect of ganglion-blocking drugs on Skeletal muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| A drug that decreases appetite (causes anorexia) |
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Definition
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Term
| A dihydrophenylethylamine derivative (eg, NE, EP), a relatively polar molecule that is readily metabolized by catechol-O-methyltransferase |
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Definition
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Term
| A alpha-agonist drug that reduces conjunctival, nasal, oropharyngeal mucosal vasodilation by constricting blood vessels in the submucosal tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| A drug that causes dilation of the pupil; opposite of miotic |
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Definition
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Term
| A derivative of phenylisopropylamine (eg, amphetamine, ephedrine). Unlike catecholamines, phenylisopropylamines usually have oral activity, a long half-life, some CNS activity, and an indirect mode of action |
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Definition
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Term
| Drugs that have relatively greater effects on alpha or Beta adrenoceptors; none are absolutely selective or specific |
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Definition
| Selective alpha agonist, ß agonist |
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Term
| A drugs that mimics stimulation of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| An indirect-acting drug that increases the activity of transmitters in the synapse by inhibiting their reuptake into the presynaptic nerve endings, May act selectively on noradrenergic, serotonergic, or both types of nerve endings |
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Definition
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Term
| What 4 tissue types do alpha1 adrenoceptors predominate and what happens there? |
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Definition
1) Most vascular smooth muscle- contracts (Increase vascular resistance)
2) Pupillary dilator muscle- Contracts (mydriasis)
3) Pilomotor smooth muscle- Contracts (erects hair)
4) Liver-(in some species, eg, rat) Stimulates glycogenolysis |
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Term
| What 5 tissue types do alpha2 adrenoceptors predominate and what happens there? |
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Definition
1) Adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals- Inhibits transmitter release
2) Platelets- Stimulates aggregation
3) Some vascular smooth muscle- Contracts
4) Fat cells- Inhibits lipolysis
5) Pancreatic ß (B) cells- Inhibits insulin release |
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Term
| What 2 tissue types do ß1 adrenoceptors predominate and what happens there? |
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Definition
1) Heart- Stimulates rate and force
2) Juxtaglomerular cells of kidney- Stimulates renin release |
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Term
| What 5 tissue types do ß2 adrenoceptors predominate and what happens there? |
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Definition
1) Airways, uterine, and vascular smooth muscle- Relaxes
2) Liver (human)- Stimulates glycogenolysis
3) Pancreatic ß (B) cells- Stimulates insulin release
4) Somatic motor neuron terminals (voluntary muscle)- Causes tremor
5) Heart- Stimulates rate and force |
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Term
| What 1 tissue types do ß3 adrenoceptors predominate and what happens there? |
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Definition
| 1) Fat cells- Stimulates lipolysis |
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Term
| What 1 tissue types do Dopamine1 (D1) adrenoceptors predominate and what happens there? |
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Definition
| Renal and other splanchnic blood vessels- Dilates (Decreases resistance) |
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Term
| What 1 tissue types do Dopamine2 (D2) adrenoceptors predominate and what happens there? |
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Definition
| Nerve terminals- Inhibits senylyl cyclase |
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Term
| A surmountable antagonist (eg, phentolamine); one that can be overcome by increasing the dose of agonist |
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Definition
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Term
| Conversion of the pressor response to EP (typical of a large doses) to a blood-pressure lowering effect; caused by alpha blockers |
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Definition
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Term
| Partial agonist by adrenoceptor blockers; typical of several ß blockers (eg, pindolol, acebutol) |
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Definition
| Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) |
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Term
| A nonsurmountable inhibitor, usually because of covalent bond formation (eg, phenoxybenzamine) |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypotension that is most marked in the upright position; caused by venous pooling (typical of alpha blockade) or inadequate blood volume (caused by blood loss or excessive diuresis) |
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Definition
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Term
| A drug (eg, pindolol) that produces a smaller maximal effect than a full agonist and therefore can inhibit the effect of a full agonist |
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Definition
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Term
| A tumor consisting of cells that release varying amounts of NE and EP into the circulation |
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Definition
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