Term
| How many neuron pathways are in the ANS |
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Definition
| 2 Preganglionic and post ganglionic |
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Term
| Effectors output from the ANS |
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Definition
| Smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, and glands |
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Term
| Preganglionic neuron pathway |
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Definition
has some in the central nervous system
axons exit the CNS and synapse in peripheral ganglion with the post ganglionic neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| ends in the target tissue |
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Term
| Automaticity in the cardiac and some smooth muscles |
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Definition
some depolarization without nerve input
contracts without signal |
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Term
| muscle contracting in the ANS |
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Definition
smooth muscle-maintains resting tone if nerve is cut
is autonomic nerve is cut- hypersensitivity occurs
spontaneous contraction can occur
autonomic system adjust resting rate |
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Term
Sympathetic devision of the ANS
Thoracolumbar |
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Definition
preganglionic releases acetylcholine
postganglionic releases norepinephrine
Long post ganglionic |
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Term
| sympathetic chain and collateral ganglia |
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Definition
where pre and post ganglionic cells synapse
sympathetic chain parallels the vertebral column
both divergence and convergence are seen here |
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Term
| collateral ganglia include |
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Definition
| celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric |
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Term
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Definition
stimulated directly by preganglionic neuron-straight to the gland
releases hormone epinephrine |
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Term
| Parasympathetic- carniosacral |
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Definition
preganglionic neuron releases acetylcholine
postganglionic neuron releases acetylcholine
really short post
terminal ganglia are near or in the organ |
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Term
|
Definition
synapses that utilize Acteyl. in all pre and post
pre is always exciting the post |
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Term
|
Definition
synapses that utilize Norep. (adrenaline)
sympathetic post releases it
can excite or inhibit |
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Term
adrenergic stimulation
excitatory |
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Definition
| heart, blood vessels, iris |
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Term
adrenergic stimulation
inhibitory |
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Definition
| bronchioles dilation to open, some blood vessels |
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Term
adrenergic receptor type
alpha |
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Definition
smooth muscle contraction
a1 use Ca+ as a second messenger=dilation of eyes constricts bf's in skin skeletal muscles
a2-some presynaptic membranes- decreases NE release-neg feedback. some cause vasoconstriction |
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Term
adrenergic receptor type
beta |
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Definition
all use cAMP as a 2nd messenger
B1- found in the heart-^ contraction
B2-found in bronchioles-dilaiton in airways
B3-found in adipose |
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Term
|
Definition
| a drug whose effect is to mimic the effect of the neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug whose effect is the opposite of the neurotransmitter |
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Term
| Cholinergic Stimulation pre and the post ganglionic |
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Definition
always excitatory at NT junctions and autonomic preganglionic synapses
usually excitatory at parasympathetic postganglionc-but not always |
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Term
|
Definition
in autonomic ganglia and neuromuscular junctions
blocked by curare
always excitatory
where pre meets post |
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Term
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Definition
parasympethetic terminals in heart (inhibits) pupils (dilation=constriction of pupil), digestive
blocked by atropine
use G proteins can be excitatory or inhibitory |
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Term
| 3 types of dual innervation |
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Definition
antagonist
complementary
cooperative |
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Term
|
Definition
pacemaker, adrenergic increases; cholinergic decreases
opposite effect |
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Term
| complementary innervation |
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Definition
salivary glands: parasymp-water; sympathy- thicker
similar affects |
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Term
|
Definition
parasym- erection; symp- ejaculation
parasym-bladder contraction sympth-increases bladder tone feedback
different effects that work together |
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Term
| Organs without dual innervations |
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Definition
some are sympathetic only: adrenal medulla
blood vessels
sweat glands |
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Term
|
Definition
medulla oblongata
hypothalamus
limbic system
cerebellum |
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Term
| smooth pursuit eye movements |
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Definition
| slower movements to follow moving objects |
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Term
|
Definition
| faster movements to target image on the fovea |
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Term
|
Definition
| converge eyes so that the image falls on the foveae simultaneously to allow 3-d image |
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Term
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Definition
| imperceptible to prevent adaptation so vision is not lost |
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Term
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Definition
normal vision
nearsighted (long globe) |
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Term
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Definition
farsighted (short globe)
irregularity between cornea and lens |
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Term
|
Definition
| age related loss of ability of lens to change |
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Term
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Definition
the ability of the eye to keep an image in focus
contraction or relaxation of the muscle of the ciliary body |
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Term
| muscle contraction of accommodation |
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Definition
| if muscle contracted, less tension on suspensory ligaments which allows the lens to become rounder for near vision |
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Term
| muscle relaxation of accommodation |
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Definition
| if muscle is relaxed, more tension on suspensory ligaments which flattens lens for distance vision |
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Term
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Definition
light bends when passing from one medium to another
degree of bending depends on refractive index |
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Term
|
Definition
due to interference in getting the sound wave carried to the receptors in the organ of corti
(ex:blockage of ear canal scarring around ossicles) |
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Term
|
Definition
due to interference between the receptors and the auditory context
(ex: receptor damage, tumor, trauma to nerve pathway) |
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