Term
|
Definition
coronal=frontal
sagital= median
axial=transverse
one more plane= oblique, at any other angle
[image] |
|
|
Term
what are the three anatomy subdivisions |
|
Definition
– Gross or macroscopic ( e.g., regional) – Developmental (e.g., embryology) – Microscopic (e.g., histology) |
|
|
Term
Principle of Complementarity |
|
Definition
Anatomy and physiology are inseparable! – Function always reflects structure – What a structure can do depends on its specific form |
|
|
Term
what is the structural organization? |
|
Definition
Chemical • Cellular - Cells • Tissue - Groups of similar cells Organ system • Organ - Contains two or more types of tissues • Organ System - Organs that work closely together • Organismal - All organ systems |
|
|
Term
8 necessary life functions |
|
Definition
1 Maintaining boundaries – Between internal and external environments (e.g., skin) 2Movement (contractility) – Of body parts (skeletal muscle) – Of substances (cardiac and smooth muscle) 3Responsiveness – Ability to sense and respond to stimuli (e.g., breathing rate) 4Digestion – Breakdown foodstuffs – absorption into blood 5Metabolism – All chemical reactions that occur in body cells – Catabolism and anabolism 6Dispose of wastes – Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion 7Reproduction – Cellular division for growth or repair – Production of offspring 8Growth – Increase in the size of a body part or of an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nutrients – Chemicals for energy and cell building – Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins • Oxygen – Required for energy release (ATP production) • Water – 50 – 60% of body weight – Essential environment for chemical reactions – Fluid base for secretions and excretions • Normal body temperature – 37° C – changes rate of chemical reactions • Appropriate atmospheric pressure – For adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
difference between negative and positive feedback |
|
Definition
+ Response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus. example, contractions and blood clotting -Variable changes in opposite direction of initial change. examples shivering to get warm sweating to get cool |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
s-laying face up p- face down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Serous membrane or serosa |
|
Definition
Thin, double-layered membranes
• Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls • Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera)
– Layers separated by slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid • Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane
• Allows the organs inside to slide without friction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pericardium surrounds the Heart
Pleurae surrounds the Lungs
Peritoneumsurrounds the Abdominopelvic Cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
abdomino pelvic regions
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Exposed to environment – Oral and digestive cavities
– Nasal cavity – Orbital cavities
– Middle ear cavities
• Not exposed to environment – Synovial cavities
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extracellular fluid vs interstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
4 Functions of the Plasma Membrane |
|
Definition
1. Physicalisolation
Barrier
2. Regulatesexchangewithenvironment
Ions and nutrients enter
Wastes eliminated and cellular products released
3. Monitorstheenvironment Extracellular fluid composition Chemical signals
4. Structuralsupport
Anchors cells and tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Double layer of phospholipid molecules (75%)
Integral proteins
Within the membrane
Peripheral proteins
Bound to inner or outer surface of the membrane |
|
|
Term
Membrane Proteins: 6 functions |
|
Definition
Anchoring proteins (stabilizers)
Attach to inside or outside structures
Recognition proteins (identifiers)
Label cells as normal or abnormal
Enzymes
Catalyze reactions
Receptor proteins
Bind and respond to ligands (ions, hormones)
Carrier proteins
Transport specific solutes through membrane
Channels
Regulate water flow and solutes through membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids
Extend outside cell membrane
Form sticky “sugar coat” (glycocalyx)
Functions of the glycocalyx
Lubrication and protection
Anchoring and locomotion
Specificity in binding (receptors) Recognition (immune response) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[image]
• Tight junctions
• Impermeable
• Encircles the cell
• Desmosomes
• Anchors cells together
• Act like rivots
• Molecular velcro
• Gap junctions
• Communicating junctions
• Allows ions and small molecules to
Pass from cell to cell
• Imperative to heart cells |
|
|
Term
Selective permeability restricts materials based on |
|
Definition
Size
Electrical charge Molecular shape Lipid solubility |
|
|
Term
Two ways substances cross membranes and the two sub categories of each |
|
Definition
I. Passive processes
No cellular energy (ATP) required
Substance moves down its concentration gradient
A. Diffusion
1. Simple diffusion
2. Carrier- and channel-mediated facilitated diffusion
3. Osmosis
B. Filtration
Usually across capillary walls (major force: pumping of the heart)
II. Active processes
Energy (ATP) required
Occurs only in living cell membranes
A Active transport
1. Primary active transport
2. Secondary active transport
B Vesicular transport
1. Endocytosis (into cell)
2. Exocytosis (out of cell) |
|
|
Term
Passive Processes: Diffusion
how does it work and when will molecules passively diffuse? |
|
Definition
Collisions cause molecules to move down or with their concentration gradient
Difference in concentration between two areas
Speed influenced by molecule size and temperature Molecules will passively diffuse through
membrane if:
1. It is lipid soluble, or
2. Smallenoughtopass
through membrane channels, or
3. Assistedbycarriermolecule
|
|
|
Term
passive simple diffusion
what are good examples |
|
Definition
oxygen, carbon dioxide, fat soluble vitamins will diffuse directly through the phopholipid bilayer |
|
|
Term
passive : carrier mediated facilitated diffusion |
|
Definition
[image]
Certain lipophobic (dislike lipids) molecules (e.g., glucose, amino acids, and ions) transported passively by
Binding to protein carriers |
|
|
Term
Passive Processes A2: Channel- Mediated Facilitated Diffusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Passive Processes A3: Osmosis
what do the particles pass through?
what are the two types? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hydrostatic pressure/Osmotic pressure |
|
Definition
Water moves by osmosis until.....
hydrostatic pressure (back pressure of water on membrane)
And
osmotic pressure (tendency of water to move into cell by osmosis)
Equalize |
|
|
Term
Tonicity
what is it and what are the 3 types |
|
Definition
[image]
Tonicity: Ability of solution to alter cell's water volume
Isotonic: Solution with same non-penetrating solute concentration as cytosol
Hypertonic: Solution with higher non-penetrating solute concentration than cytosol
Hypotonic: Solution with lower non-penetrating solute concentration than cytosol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Osmolarity and tonicity are not the same. Osmolarity
total solute concentration
Tonicity: ability of solution to alter cell's water
volume
1. Soluteconcentration
2. Solutepermeabilityofplasmamembrane |
|
|
Term
why would a substance need active transport? |
|
Definition
Solute too large for channels
Solute not lipid soluble
Solute not able to move down concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
Active Processes: B. Vesicular Transport
two major types one with:
3 kinds & short description |
|
Definition
1. Endocytosis: transport into the cell
Pinocytosis
Endosomes “drink” extracellular fluid
[image]
Pseudopodia (psuedo- = false, pod- = foot) Engulf large objects in phagosomes
2. Exocytosis: transport out of the cell
Is the reverse of endocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
resting membrane potential |
|
|
Term
Resting membrane potential (RMP) |
|
Definition
Produced by separation of oppositely charged
particles (voltage) across membrane in all cells Cells described as polarized
Voltage (electrical potential energy) only at membrane
Ranges from –50 to –100 mV in different cells – "–" indicates inside negative relative to outside
In many cells Na+ affects RMP
Attracted into cell due to negative charge
RMP to –70 mV
Membrane more permeable to K+ than Na+,
so K+ primary influence on RMP
Cl– does not influence RMP
— concentration and electrical gradients exactly balanced |
|
|
Term
key role of K+ in generating the resting membrane potential
3 steps |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
numbers that Na+K+ pump ejects |
|
Definition
Na+-K+ pump continuously ejects 3Na+ from
cell and carries 2K+ in |
|
|
Term
Cytosol (fluid)
levels of
potassium /sodium
protein
carbohydrate /amino acids and fat |
|
Definition
Dissolved materials:
– nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products High potassium/low sodium
High protein
High carbohydrate/low amino acid and fat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Between the two layers of the nuclear envelope |
|
|
Term
Contents of the Nucleus |
|
Definition
DNA
All information to build and run organisms Nucleoplasm
Fluid containing ions, enzymes, nucleotides, and some RNA
Nuclear matrix
Support filaments
Nucleolus
Are related to protein production
Are made of RNA, enzymes, and histones Synthesize rRNA and ribosomal subunits
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Loosely coiled DNA (cells not dividing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
way to tell emiosis and mitosis appart |
|
Definition
I. Meiosis - cell division producing gametes
(sexual cells, half of the chromosomes)
II. Mitotic cell division - produces clones (I reproduce myself) |
|
|
Term
Atrophy vs Hypetrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia |
|
Definition
[image][image]
Atrophy:
Decrease in cell size
(muscle tissue, broken immobilized arm in a cast) Hypetrophy
Increase in cell size
(muscle tissue, weight training)
Hyperplasia
Increased rate of reproduction, excessive cell
reproduction
Increase in size
Milk-producing glands of the female breast during pregnancy
Dysplasia
Abnormal shape, size, organization of
cells in a tissue
Tumour or neoplasm
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Injury or pathological condition
Often nearby cells die as well
Triggering an immune response
Resulting inflammation, which removes the debris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Apoptosis
Non-pathological cell death, programmed cell
death
Elimination of cells that are no longer needed, injured, aged, stressed |
|
|
Term
Malignant tumour and the Development of Cancer |
|
Definition
Spreads into surrounding tissues (invasion) Starts new tumours (metastasis)
cancer developement
1. Abnormal cell
2. Primary tumour
3. Metastasis
4. Secondary tumour |
|
|
Term
Cancers are named for tissue of origin |
|
Definition
Carcinoma: epithelial tissue
• Lymphoma: lymph nodes
• Sarcoma: bone |
|
|
Term
what does a Malignant tumor do |
|
Definition
Replaces functional tissue in vital organs – (previous photo of the kidney tumor)
Steal nutrients from the body
Weaken immunity >> opening door for
opportunistic infection
Invade blood vessels, lung tissue, brain tissue
– Haemorrhage (bleeding), pulmonary collapse, coma
Death usually results from the metastasis, not from the original tumor. |
|
|
Term
4 primary types of tissue and their primary functions |
|
Definition
– Epithelial tissue • Covers
– Connective tissue • Supports
– Muscle tissue • Produces movement
– Nervous tissue • Controls
[image] |
|
|
Term
Epithelium two main types
and 6 functions |
|
Definition
Form boundaries
• Two main types (by location)
– Covering and lining epithelia
• On external and internal surfaces
– Glandular epithelia
• Secretory tissue in glands
• Functions
– Protection
– Absorption
– Filtration
– Excretion
– Secretion
– Sensoryreception |
|
|
Term
Five Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues |
|
Definition
1 Polarity
Apical surface vs Basal surface
2 Specialized contacts
– Covering and lining epithelial tissues fit closely together
• Form continuous sheets
• Lateral contacts bind adjacent cells
3 Supported by connective tissues
– Reticularlamina
• Deep to basal lamina
• Network of collagen fibers
– Basement membrane
• Basal lamina + reticular lamina
• Resists stretching and tearing
4 Avascular, but innervated
No blood vessels Supplied by nerve fibres
5 Can regenerate
– Highregenerativecapacity
– If adequate nutrients are present they can replace lost cells by cell division |
|
|
Term
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
shape: list
layers: list and describe major roles |
|
Definition
• All epithelial tissues have two names
– One indicates number of cell layers
• Simple epithelia = single layer of cells
-absorption
-secretion
-filtration
-very thin
• Stratified epithelia = two or more layers of cells – Shape can change in different layers
-protection is major role
– Epithelia classified by cell shape in apical layer
– One indicates shape of cells
• Squamous
• Cuboidal
• Columnar |
|
|
Term
simple squamous epithelium
function
location
two specific names from their location |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium |
|
Definition
• Single layer of cubelike cells • Secretion
• Absorption
• Forms walls of smallest ducts
of glands and many kidney tubules |
|
|
Term
Simple Columnar Epitheliu |
|
Definition
• Single layer of tall, closely packed cells
• Absorption
• Secretion
• Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus. |
|
|
Term
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium |
|
Definition
Cells vary in height
– Cell nuclei at different levels
– Although it appears stratified it’s not!
– Secretion
– Absorption |
|
|
Term
how does stratifies epitherlial tissues regenerate? |
|
Definition
Regenerate from below
– Basal cells divide, cells migrate to surface |
|
|
Term
Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium |
|
Definition
Quite rare
Found in some sweat and mammary glands Typically two cell layers thick |
|
|
Term
Stratified Columnar Epithelium |
|
Definition
Limited distribution in body
• Small amounts in pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts
• Also occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia
• Only apical layer columnar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ductless glands
– Secretions not released into a duct
• Secrete (by exocytosis) hormones that travel through lymph or blood to their specific target organs
• Target organs respond in some characteristic way |
|
|
Term
define Exocrine Glands
is it more or less numerous than endocrine glands
give 4 examples |
|
Definition
• Secretions released onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
• More numerous than endocrine glands
• Secrete products into ducts
• Examples include mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands |
|
|
Term
Multicellular Exocrine Gland |
|
Definition
• Multicellular exocrine glands are composed of a duct and a secretory unit
• Usually surrounded by supportive connective tissue
– Supplies blood and nerve fibers
– Extends into and divides gland into lobes |
|
|
Term
types of multicelular exocrine glands[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Connective Tissue
• 4 Main Classes?
• Major Functions? |
|
Definition
4 Main Classes
1. Connective tissue proper
2. Cartilage
3. Bone
4. Blood
Major Functions
– Binding and support
– Protecting
– Insulating
– Storingreservefuel
– Transportingsubstances(blood) |
|
|
Term
Connective Tissue Characteristics
3 common characteristics make connective tissues different from other primary tissues! |
|
Definition
1 Common tissue origin (an embryonic tissue: mesenchyme)
2 Have varying degrees of vascularity (blood vessels); (cartilage: none)
3 Have extracellular matrix
• Connective tissue not composed mainly of cells
• Largely nonliving extracellular matrix separates cells
– So can bear weight, withstand tension, endure abuse |
|
|
Term
Connective Tissue Structural Elements? |
|
Definition
• 3 elements
•1 Ground substance unstructured, fills space
• 2Fibers (3) provide support
• Collagen
• Elastic tissue • Reticular
• 3 Cells
• “Blast” immature, mitotically active (eg, fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast)
• “Cyte” mature, maintain matrix (eg, chondrocyte, osteocyte)
• Other (eg, fat cells, white blood cells)
Composition and arrangement varies in different connective tissues |
|
|
Term
Connective Tissue Proper
• Two subclasses |
|
Definition
• Two subclasses
1– Loose connective tissues • Areolar
• Adipose • Reticular
2– Dense connective tissues (also called fibrous connective tissues)
• Dense regular
• Dense irregular
• Elastic
|
|
|
Term
connective tissue
Loose: Areolar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
connective tissue
Loose: Adipose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
connective tissue loose reticular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
connective tissue dense regular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
connective tissue dense irregular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
connective tissue dense elastic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Connective Tissue: Cartilage
describe
what are three types of cartilage |
|
Definition
• Chondroblastsandchondrocytes
• Tough yet flexible
• Lacks nerve fibers
• Up to 80% water - can rebound after compression
• Avascular
– Receives nutrients from membrane surrounding it • Perichondrium
• 3 types of cartilage:
– Hyaline cartilage
– Elastic cartilage
- fibrocartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
fibrocartilage
description
function
location |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Main component of nervous system – Brain, spinal cord, nerves
– Regulates and controls body functions
• Neurons
– Specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve
impulses
• Neuroglia
– Supporting cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
all called mucosae are membranes that line body cavities open to the esterior
Moist membranes bathed by secretions
• Epithelial sheet lies over layer
of connective tissue
called lamina propria
• May secrete mucus |
|
|
Term
Serous Membranes
describe and 3 kinds |
|
Definition
• Serosae—found in closed ventral body cavity
• Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) resting on thin areolar
connective tissue
• Parietal serosae line internal body cavity walls
• Visceral serosae cover internal organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Development of the 4 primary Tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Normally function well through youth and middle age if adequate diet, circulation, and infrequent wounds and infections
• Epithelia becomes thinner with increasing age so more easily breached
• Tissue repair is less efficient
• Bone, muscle and nervous tissues begin to
atrophy
• DNA mutations possibleincreased cancer risk |
|
|
Term
Skeletal cartilage
how does water affect it?
how many blood vessels or nerves?
what surrounds it, why? |
|
Definition
[image]
Water lends resiliency
Contains no blood vessels or nerves
Perichondrium surrounds
Dense connective tissue girdle
– Contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery
– Resists outward expansion |
|
|
Term
Growth of Cartilage
• Appositional growth vs Interstitial growth |
|
Definition
Appositional growth
– Cells secrete matrix against external face of
existing cartilage
• Interstitial growth
– Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix,
expanding cartilage from within
• Calcification of cartilage
– Occurs during normal bone growth |
|
|
Term
how many bones in the skeleton
what are the two groups of bones |
|
Definition
206
– Axial skeleton
• Long axis of body
• Skull, vertebral column, rib cage
– Appendicular skeleton
• Bones of upper and lower limbs
• Girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
are bones organs or tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
structure of short irregular and flat bones
5 elements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
structure of a typical long bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
gross anatomy
sponge vs compact bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
hematopoietic tissue in bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
bone markings
projections vsy depressions and openings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are the 5 major cell types in bone tissue |
|
Definition
1 osteogenic cells- stem cell
2 osterblasts- matrix synthecizing cell, responsible or bone growth
3osteocytes-mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matric
4osteoclasts- bone reabsorbing cell
5bone lining cells |
|
|
Term
what is another name for compact bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in adults this cavity contains fat (yellow marrow) and is called the yellow marrow cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
functionally they are tiny weight bearing pillars
system of interconnecting cannals in the microscopic structure of adult compact bone |
|
|
Term
microscopic anatomy of compact bone
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[image]
fyi
endosteum= connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces |
|
|
Term
ossification
3 types/stages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
formation of bony skeleton
endochondral ossification vs intramembranous ossification
how they form
and what they form
and what those bones are called |
|
Definition
|
|