hylobatidae

hominoidea-ponginae, gorillinae, homininae-panini, hominini

-hylobatidae

-pongidae-all the great apes are closely related to humans

-hominidae

1. Neandertal Man

2. Java Man

3. Piltdown Man- Hoax: it's a human skull with an orangutan jaw

4. Taung child

-foramen magnum foward and downward

-non-grasping big toe

-valgus knee

-barrel-shaped rib cage

-pelvic bowl

-S-shaped spine

1.Frees hands

2. Reproductive efficiency

3. feeding upright from bushes

4. feeding upright on seeds and nuts

5. looking over tall grass

6. feeding (and moving) upright in trees

7. Energy efficient

8. Better thermoregulation

9. equatic ape hypothesis

North, East, and South Africa 7-4 m.y.a.-earliest hominins

-temperate, variable climate.

-woodland/ wooded grassland/ grassland

-Sahelanthropus tchadensis- "man from child".

-found in North Africa.

-weak prognathism (not a full snout), relatively thick enamel, relatively small canines, foramen unlike great apes-bipedal? 

-bipedal

-small bodied

-small brained.

-thick enamel

-u-shaped dental arcade

-sectorial P3

-large canines

-canine dimorphism

Bipedal because of their expanded tibia plateau.

-small brain, prognathic, large canines, u-shaped dental arcade, semi-sectorial P3.

-funnel-shaped rib cage, limb proportion (long arms, short legs), long curved phalanges, hindlimbs (valgus knee), partial bowl shape, different gait. 

-enviornment: woodland and grassland mixed

Kenyanthropus: relatively small teeth, relatively flat face

Australopithecus bahrelghazali: non-sectorial P3

garhi: first "human-like" limb proportions

sediba: mix of "human-like" and Australopithecus traits

aethiopicus: strong prognathism

boisei: more orthognathic (face is flatter), hyper-robust (big jaw)

robustus: not hyper-robust

Their predators were leopards and eagles. 

Habitat and diet: africanus- forest/woodland, fruits and leaves. paranthropus- gallery forest and adjacent savanna, dietary SPECIALISTS- nuts/seeds as fallback food.

morphological advances: modern stature, larger brain

behavioral advances: out of Africa, and new tools, more meat and fire

Cranium: angular, long, low vault. pentagon shape (in back). low forehead (frontal). massive, straigt brow ridge (supra-orbital torus). supra-toral sulcus. sagittal keel. occipital torus.

Postcranium: almost modern-barrel shaped rib cage. short arms, long legs. bowl shaped pelvis.

but-thick cortical bone. strong muscle attachment.

There is variation in the earliest forms

Found in Africa and Republic of Georgia 1.9-1 ma. It has thinner cranial bones, and less pronounced brow ridges.

Phylogeny of erectus: traditionally anagenesis, but currently cladogenesis (ancestry unclear H. habilis sensu lato)

shelter: caves and rock shelter.

fire: earliers ca. 1.6 mya. For regular use and hearths was ca. 0.4 mya.

diet: more meat

Africa+parts of Europe/Asia: They used Oldowan tools until ca. 1.7 mya and onwards, they used Acheulean tools.

East Asia: Oldowan tools, barely used Acheulean.

Movius line indicates no hand axes used east of the line.

erectus-large, single brow ridge; smaller cranial capacity (1000cc); occipital torus; more prognathic face; larger teeth.

heidelbergensis-separated brow ridges; larger cranial capacity (1250cc); no occipital torus; less prognathic face; smaller teeth.

cranium: short, high, round; large capacity (ca. 1350cc); gracile (no occ. torus or bun), (small, flat face), (small teeth and jaw); chin

post cranium: less robust

African Replacement Model- splitting of species in Africa. > or equal to 2 fossil lineages per area. abrupt change in behavior. There was no gene flow.

Multiregional Model- single species and there was a gradual transformation over time. There was no particular place or time. Genetic changes transmitted through extensive gene flow.

Africa: Omo-Kibish, Ethiopia 195 ka BP

Herto, Ethiopia 165 ka BP

Out of Africa: Near East-Skhulul/Qafzeh, Israel 12-80 ka BP

other areas: ca. 70-50 ka BP

H. sapiens: high delta^15 N (predator-like)-more marine sources, more vegetable matter-more varied diet.

Neandertals: high delta^15 (predator like)- terrestrial sources, mostly terrestrial hunting

symbolism- burials, and art

shelters- more elaborate

subsistence-varied diet

language- modern

nuclear DNA: autosomal-both parents give 50%, Y chromosome- father to son only

mtDNA: mother to offspring only

by having a family tree of relatedness and divergence. 

ancient DNA.

mtDNA- Africa 171 ka (+/- 50)

Y chromosome- Africa 180-100 ka

nuclear DNA: "ancient", MRCA was older.

Ancient DNA: MRCA Neandertals and modern humans

Assimilation Model: african replacement with some ancient contributions through interbreeding

shoulder, curved fingers, rib cage, pelvis, wrist, palm, legs, ankles, feet.

The controversy: don't know if it belongs to Australopithecus or Homo because they dont know how old it is, and they don't know if they buried their dead.

Found Sep. 2003 in Indonesia (the island of Flores).

Morphology: ca. 3 ft tall, brain 385-417 cc.

pathological modern human, or a new species dwarfed because of the isolation on the island; they didn't have predators.

Brain: brain stem, cerebellum, cerebrum

Cerebrum: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes

3-4 fold increase in brain size (400-1400cc).

Reorganized: olfactory bulb reduced, prefrontal region enlarged, visual cortex reduced, and parietal lobe expanded

EQ: encephalization quotient- ratio of observed to expected brain size in relation to body mass.

In human evolution there was an increase from ca. 1.5-ca 5

a system of communication.

Aspects: spoken, semantic, phonemic, and grammatical

positive: absolutely larger brain, Broca's area

negative: breathing, phonation

Neanderthals: articulation modern, phonation modern-  hyoid bone, phonation NOT modern- few with flexed cranial

they lack the necessary anatomy for speech.

Washoe: learned sign language, formed new combos. and taught her son.

Kanzi: learned lexigram from mother, and learned some sign language, formed new combos

moving from birth place to breeding place, or from one breeding place to another.

Patters: male-biased, female-biased, or both disperse.

In modern societies it is variable;primarily patrilocal.

In traditional societies foragers are mostly multilocal or even matrilocal. Non-foragers are mostly patrilocal.

general-rapid (1st years), slow (juvenile), rapid (adolescent)

brain-rapid (1st years), slow (later)

reproductive- slow, rapid (adolescent)

Secular: general trends-individuals taller, individuals mature more rapidly. menarche-first menstrual period occurs earlier

Primates: controlling for body mass. 

Human life compared: not (much) expanded- gestation. extended-infancy, juvenility, life span, post-reproductive period. shortened-intervals between birth.

for skill learning more time is needed, brain-growth constraint, maturational constraints, juvenile risk-aversion

Human reproductive particulars: women need help; individuals other than mother.