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ANP Test 2
Test 2 for intro to biological anthropology
78
Anthropology
Undergraduate 2
10/21/2015
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Term

 

  • what is the taxonomy of primates (to the superfamily)? 

 Definition

Strepserhini-Hapolorhimi

Lemuriformes, Loriformes-Tarsiiformes, Platyrrhini, Catarrhini

Lemuroidea, Loroidea-Tarsioidea, Ceboidea, Cercopithecoidea, Hominoidea
Term

 

  • what is the difference compared to the traditional classification (prosimians vs. anthropoids)? 

 Definition
In primate taxonomy, the Tarsiformes are under the anthropoids but in traditional taxonomy, they are under the promians
Term

 

  •   what are the morphological differences of strepsirhine and haplorhine primates? 

 Definition

Strepsirhine: primitive snout, bony ring (eye), unfused frontal bone

Hapolorhines: reduced snouts, bony socket (eye), fused frontal bone
Term

 

  • where do lemurs, loris, galagos and tarsiers live and what are their basic lifestyles? 

 Definition

Lemurs: Madagascar. nocturnal, diurnal, cathemeral. Eat insects, gum, fruits, and leaves. They live in solitary, pairs, or small groups.

Galagos: Africa, Africa/Asia. nocturnal. Eat inescts, gum, fruits. They live solitary (?)

Tarsiers: SE Asia. nocturnal. Eat animal matter. They live in variable. 
Term

 

  •   which lemur species does King Julien represent and what are the special characteristics of ring-tailed lemurs?

 Definition
Lemur Catta. They are the most terestrial, and they live in relatively large groups.
Term

 

  • which lemur species does Maurice represent and what are the special characteristics? 

 Definition
Aye-Aye. They have an elongated finger and their dental formula is 1013/1003.
Term

 

  • what are the special characteristics of Tarsiers? 

 Definition
they have a grooming claw, an unfused lower jaw, and are nocturnal. They are the only primates to be Faunivore- eats animal matter.
Term

 

  • what are the morphological differences of platyrrhine and catarrhine primates? 

 Definition

platyrrhine: Round, widely spaced, facing sideward nostrils. Dental formula-2133. ectotympanic bone is a ring. Skull is zygomatic-pariental contact.

catarrhine: narrow, facing foward-downward nostrils. dental formula-2123. ectotympanic bone is a bony ear tube. skull is frontal-sphenoid contact.
Term

 

  • where do New World monkeys live and what are their basic lifestyles? 

 Definition
Central and South America. Diurnal, eat insects, fruits, (gum and leaves), and they live in pairs or groups
Term

 

  • what are special traits of callitrichines (dental formula), atelidae (tail), and night monkeys (activity)? 

 Definition
Dental formula- 2132. Prehensile (grasping) tail. Paternal care.
Term

 

  • in which New World monkeys (other than callitrichines) do fathers carry their offspring (paternal care)? 

 Definition
Aotinae
Term

 

  • what are special behaviors seen in capuchin monkeys? 

 Definition

-really smart

-fur rubbing. They use a medicinal plant that is a bug repellent, an antibiotic, and antifungal.
Term

 

  • what are the morphological differences of colobine &

    cercopithecine primates? 

 Definition

colobine: no cheek pouches, complex stomach, molars with high cusps, reduced thumb, (usually) long tail

cercopithecine: cheek pouches, simple stomach, molars with low cusps, normal thumb, (usually) short tail
Term

 

  • where do Old World monkeys live and what are their basic lifestyles? 

 Definition
Africa and Asia (Macaca). Diurnal. Eats fruits, omniovore (insects). Live in larger groups.
Term

 

  • what are the morphological differences of cercopithecoidea and hominoidea? 

 Definition

cercopithecoidea: narrow nasal opening, narrow tooth rows, 4 cusps molars, tail, rel. long body, rel. short arms

hominoidea: broader nasal opening, broader tooth rows, 5 cusps molars, no tail, rel. short broad body, long arms
Term

 

  • what is the taxonomy of the hominoidea (from superfamily to genus)? 

 Definition

Lesser apes- hylobates

Great apes- pongo, gorilla, pan
Term

 

  • who are the lesser and great apes and where do apes live? 

 Definition

lesser apes- hylobates. live in Asia.

great apes- pongo, gorilla, pan. Live in Africa.
Term

 

  • what are the lifestyles of the different apes ? 

 Definition

Hylobates: body size-medium sized. diet-fruit (leaves). grouping- pairs.

Pongo: body size- large. diet- fruits (leaves). grouping- solitary (networks).

Gorilla: body size- large. diet- herbs (+fruits). grouping- groups (>1 silverback)

Pan: body size- large. diet- fruits ( + leaves, animal matter). grouping- communities (fission-fusion).
Term

 

  • which apes are not using tools, which apes use tools, and which species is the most avid tool user? 

 Definition
gibbons are not using tools. Tools used by- orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos. Chimpanzees are the most avid tool user.
Term

 

  • why can apes not speak and what can they be taught instead? 

 Definition
Apes can't speak because they lack the necessary anatomy for speech. They are taught sign language instead.
Term

 

  • what determines primate diversity? 

 Definition
habitats, competition, predation, disease
Term

 

  • what is an adaptation and what are the four basic problems primates have to “solve”? 

 Definition

adaptation: the development of a trait that better suits an organism its enviornment.

They have to maximize survival and reproduction by:

-access to resources

-predator avoidance

-reproduction

-raising offspring
Term

 

  • what are the components of primate food (nutrients and harmful)? 

 Definition

what to eat:proteins, carbs, lipids, minerals, vitamins, water

what not to eat: secondary compounds- tannins and alkaloids
Term

 

  • what are the major feeding categories? 

 Definition

- frugivore- eats mainly fruits

- insectivor (faunivore)- eats mainly insects (or animal matter)

-gummivore- eats mainly leaves

-omnivore- eats "everything"
Term

 

  • what is Kay’s threshold? 

 Definition

insectivores- upper limit is 500g

folivores- lower limit is 500g

 
Term

 

  • what are the major dental and gut adaptations related to food? 

 Definition

dental:

-anterior: frugivores- broad incisors. folivores- narrow incisors. gumminvores- stout incisors.

-posterior: frugivores- low, rounded molars. folivores- shearing crests. insectivores- sharp cusp.

Gut:

-"easy to digest":insectivores- short, simple gut. frugivores- long, small intestine. "difficult to digest": folivores- enlarged caecum, enlarged colon, complex stomach. gummivores- enlarged caecum. colobineae- complex stomach.
Term

 

  • what predation risks do primates face? and what are their responses? 

 Definition
getting killed. they respond by detecting predators, pretective response, reducing risk of being caught, and reducing risk of encounter.
Term

 

  • what are the concepts used in primatology? 

 Definition

1. primates as referential model 

2. primates as models for behavioral evolution
Term

 

  • who is Louis Leakey and why did he sent the three ape ladies to study primates? 

 Definition
he was a paleoanthropologist and an archeologist who helped establish the human evolutionary development. He sent the women to study primates in their natural habitats to learn more about evolution.
Term

 

  • what are the foundational models used in primatology? 

 Definition

1. evolutionary principles

2. scientific principles
Term

 

  • what are the preconditions of natural selections and why

    are we concluding that behavior is influenced by genes? 

 Definition
inheritance, variation, and enviornmental pressure. we conclude this because advantageous traits are more common in the nect generation.
Term

 

  • what is sexual selection and how does it differ from natural selection? 

 Definition
Favors traits that increase success in competition over mates. This is different from natural selection because NS favors traits that increase survival.
Term

 

  • what are the two forms of sexual selection? 

 Definition

intrasexual- (male) mate competition

intersexual- (female) mate choice
Term

 

  • what is the scientific method and what are its steps? 

 Definition

1. technique to decide among hypotheses

2. observable fact

3. hypothesis

4. test
Term

 

  • what sampling is used in primatology and under what conditions do primatologists work and why? 

 Definition
behavior, ecology, hormones, DNA, sound recording, tracking devices, etc. Conditions- captive, semi-free, field.
Term

 

  • what are the components of primate social systems? 

 Definition
social organization, mating system, social structure, dispersal.
Term

 

  • what are the basic grouping and dispersal pattern? 

 Definition
solitary, pare-living, group-living. Dispersal patterns: female philopatry, male philopatry, or both males and females disperse.
Term

 

  • what is individuals selection and what is a behavioral strategy? 

 Definition
behavioral strategy- set of behavoirs in a function context "solve problems"
Term

 

  • what is kin selection and how does it explain altruism and kin-directed behavior? 

 Definition
favoring (or disfavoring) survival and reproduction of relatives (excluding offspring). This explains altruism because altruism is behavior that reduces the reproductive success of the actor, at the same time increases the reproductive success of the recipient.
Term

 

  • what limits reproductive success of males and what are their reproductive strategies? 

 Definition
no access to females. strategies: male-male comp. and/or male provides benefits to females and offspring
Term

 

  • what limits reproductive success of females and what are their reproductive strategies? 

 Definition
access to food.
Term

 

  • what is dominance and how can it affect females and males? 

 Definition
physical domination initiated and sustained by aggression or other behaviors
Term

 

  • which primates are solitary and which is the only diurnal solitary primate? 

 Definition
most strepsherines, some tarsiers. orangutans are the only diurnal group.
Term

 

  •   what is the activity pattern of solitary primates and what are the causes for them living solitary? 

 Definition
Causes: the costs of association are greater than the benefits, they are nocturnal so it is hard to coordinate, groups attract predators, and there are small food patches.
Term

 

  • which primates live in pairs/ groups and what is the characteristic? 

 Definition
most are diurnal. several strepsirhines, some tarsiers, all NWM + OWM, most apes.
Term

 

  • what are the major benefits for primates living in groups? 

 Definition
improved predation avoidance, increased access to food, improved avoidance of coercion/infanticide.
Term

 

  • what are the major costs for primates living in groups? 

 Definition
attract more predators, increased feeding competition within groups.
Term

 

  • how does group life lead to improved predation avoidance (4 aspects)? 

 Definition

-more individuals detect earlier (many eyes effect)

-warning or protection of other group members

-risk reduces with the number of prey (dilution effect)

-group center safer than periphery (selfish herd effect)
Term

 

  •   how does living in groups increase the feeding competition within groups (2 aspects)? 

 Definition
reduced energy intake per resource, increased energy expenditure.
Term

 

  • what are the four basic mating systems? 

 Definition

-monogomy

-polyandry

-polygyny

-polygamy
Term

 

  • what are the eight different combinations of social organizations & mating systems distinguished for primates? 

 Definition

1 male and 1 female w/ offspring- cohesive, dispersed

1 female, multiple males

1 male and multiple females

several females and males

solitary

 
Term

 

  • how common/ rare are the different mating systems and in which primates do they predominate? 

 Definition

polygyny- come gorillas, OWM, (NWM)

polygamy type 1- cohesive groups: OWM, NWM, some lemurs

polygamy type 2- fission-fussion: chimpanzees, bonobos, Atelines, raft? lemur

polygamy type 3- nocturnal strepserhines, orangutans
Term

 

  • what are the four major male mating strategies? 

 Definition
direct competition, monopolization of fertile females, indirect competition, fertilization.
Term

 

  1. what are the morphological consequences (dimorphism, testes size) of male-male competition based on mating systems? 

 Definition

monogomy: no dimorphism, small testes

polygyny: strony dimorphism, small testes

polygamy 1+2: some dimorphism, large testes

polygamy 3: no dimorphism, large testes
Term

 

  • what are fossils and how does fossilization occur? 

 Definition
biological material replaced by minerals. petrified bones and teeth, impressions, natural mold, traces of life.
Term

 

  • what is taphonomy and what are its basic questions? 

 Definition
the study of the conditions under which objects are preserved as fossils. Questions: method of accumulation, mixing of habitats, differential survival
Term

 

  • what are the basic principles of stratigraphy? 

 Definition
original horizontality, superposition, faunal succession
Term

 

  • when do primates and the genus Homo appear in the cosmic calendar? 

 Definition
primates: dec 30. Homo: dec 31 at 10:30pm
Term

 

  • what is the sequence of the epochs of the Cenozoic era? 

 Definition

 


Holocene, Pleistocene, Pliocene, Miocene, Oligocene, Eocene, Paleocene
Term

 

  • what are some basic relative and chronometric dating

    techniques? 

 Definition

Relative: tephrostratigraphy, biostratigraphy (faunal dating), fluorine dating

Chronometric ('absolute'): radiometric, pottasium-argon
Term

 

  • what is continental drift and why is it important? 

 Definition
the process of Pangea splitting.
Term

 

  • how to reconstruct paleo-climate and paleo-environments? 

 Definition

paleo-climate: temperatures and sealevels

paleo-environments: adaptive traits (fossils) and fossil assemblages, plant remains, sediments and soil (paleosols)
Term

 

  •   how to reconstruct the lifestyle & behavior of extinct species? 

 Definition
adaptive traits (fossils), physical and chemical signatures, material culture and remains
Term

 

  • what are the closest living relatives of primates and what is the name of their superorder?

     

 Definition
Euarchonta. superorder- Euprimates
Term

 

  • in which epoch did the radiation of the plesiadapiformes occur and what are their characteristics? 

 Definition
Paleocene. they are primate-like because of the shape and proportions of their molars. The are not primate-like because of multiple traits such as no bony eye ring, and large diastema, etc.
Term

 

  • what are Adapoidea and Omomyoidea and to which primates are they ancestral? 

 Definition
They are early Euprimates. Adapoidea are ancestral to strepsirhines and Omomyoidea are to haplorhines.
Term

 

  • what is the Eocene-Oligocene transition and what happened during this period? 

 Definition
There was a major drop in temp, a change in ocean currents, drop in sea level, Pangea changed to Earth today, Adapoidea and Omomyoidea nearly vanish, and first Anthropoidea appear.
Term

 

  • when did the first Anthropoidea evolve, where did they live and what are the characteristics of the 3 major families of early Anthropoids? 

 Definition
During the Eocene- Oligocene transition. They live in Asia. The families are Parapithecidae, Oligopithecidae, and Propliopithecidae
Term

 

  • when did the platyrrhines evolve and how did they get to South America? 

 Definition
late Oligocene. They got there from rafting probably.
Term

 

  • Since when do we know fossil Cercopithecoidea and where did they live? 

 Definition
Since early Miocene. They lived in Africa, Asia, and Europe.
Term

 

  • what is characteristic of the Miocene and what are the characteristics of “dental apes”? 

 Definition

weather: tropical, but later cool and dry.

geography: similar to today.

Dental apes: they have a Y5 pattern, movable shoulders, and no tail, short fingers and toes, and they are quadrupedal.
Term

 

  • name 2 examples of late miocene apes and their relationships to living apes. 

 Definition

Sivapithecus- orangutan

Giganthopithecus- gorilla
Term

 

  • what is the taxonomic position of primates in the Linnaean taxonomy? 

 Definition
order
Term

 

  • what is the name of the order that is no longer included in the Euarchonta (in contrast to Linnaeus’ classification)? 

 Definition
Chiroptera (bats)
Term

 

  • why are primates hard to classify relative to other mammals? 

 Definition
because they are recognized a combination of shared traits
Term

 

  • what are the traits that are used to describe primates? 

 Definition

 

grasping hands w/ divergent thumb, grasping feet w/ divergent big toe, flattened nails instead of claws, large apical pads (tips of digits), eyes forward facing, wide binocular field +stereoscopic vision, post-orbital bar (bony ring/ socket), more/ larger visual brain areas, relatively unspecialized dentition (molars), small litter size, relatively long gestation and infant dependency 
Term

 

  • define synapomorphy and symplesiomorphy. 

 Definition

synapomorphy- "innovations" first discovered by a common ancestor in the group

symplesiomorphy- features shared by a group that are inherited from a more distant common ancestor
Term

 

  • what are the 4 hypotheses proposed to explain primate characteristics and what are their pros and cons? 

 Definition
1. arboreality, 2. visual predation hypothesis, 3. primate/ angiosperm (flowering plants) coevolution hypothesis, 4. combining 2 and 3. 
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