Term
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Definition
Inflammation of the colon |
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Term
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Definition
Inflammation of the colon and the caecum |
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Term
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Definition
Inflammation of the colon and the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
Inflammation of the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
Inflammation of the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
Inflammation of the entire GIT |
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Term
What is the clinical impact of colitis? |
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Definition
Disruption of the mucosa prevents water from being adequately reabsorbed, leading to diarrhoea (which is the main clinical sign seen). |
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Term
What is the clinical impact of severe colitis? |
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Definition
Severe diarrhoea will lead to dehydration, circulatory shock and even death |
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Term
What are some of the causative agents of colitis? |
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Definition
Salmonella infection C. Diff infection C. perfringens infection Potomac horse fever (neorickettsia) Equine coronavirus Small stongyle infestation |
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Term
Can antibiotics lead to colitis? |
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Definition
Yes, they have the potential to disrupt normal gut flora, allowing an over growth of the clostridials of salmonella to take hold and cause disease (most commonly C.diff) |
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Term
What is the most common strain of salmonella in horses? |
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Definition
S. typhimurium. It is divided into 4 categorises, severe acute diarrhoea (most common), moderate intestinal form,bacteremia and asymptomatic infection |
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Term
How can salmonella enter the blood stream? |
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Definition
It can cross the mucosal border and enter the blood stream directly, or via the lymphatics |
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Term
In most cases, where does the infection stay (Salmonella)? |
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Definition
In most cases it does not move past the brush border and the mesenteric lymph nodes, although it has the capacity to enter the spleen, liver and bone marrow and proliferate, it rarely does.
Lazy fuck... |
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Term
How does Salmonella infection actually cause colitis? |
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Definition
The infection and subsequent inflammatory response of the mucosa and submucosa lead to dilation and increased permeability of the vascula endothelium which results in the passive secretion of exudate in to the lumen of the intestine |
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Term
What is the main toxin found in C. perfringens A type? |
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Definition
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Term
What does the alpha toxin do? |
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Definition
It hydrolyses lecithin complexes in the membranes of the capillary endothelium and other cells, mitochondria and blood phospholipids, it also has haemolytic properties |
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Term
How does alpha toxin affect the colon? |
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Definition
It is suggested that the toxin may destroy the colonic epithelieum and intestinal vasculature |
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Term
What is an important consideration when doing a post-mortem regarding culture of samples? |
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Definition
C. diff can multiply post mortem, meaning that if you culture it and the numbers are low, it might not be cause to have a diagnose as C. diff |
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Term
How can maternal disease affect the foetus? |
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Definition
Any condition that decreases the amount of circulating oxygen (colic, endotoxaemia, anaemia, hypotension pulomary disease, general anaesthesia) can decrease the foetal heart rate, which is an indicaion of stress. Any condition the reduces feed intake or greatly increases the requirements for energy can reduce the nutrient supply for the foetus, as can placental ysfunction |
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Term
When should you monitor the health of the foetus? |
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Definition
Late pregancy mares that are medically compromised History of reproductive problems (incl twinning) |
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Term
How can you monitor the foetus? |
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Definition
Ultrasound (can visualise,, mesure foetal fluids, take a foetal HR) EKG hooked up to mares abdomen Blood tests |
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Term
What are the prognosis and surgical indicators for colic? |
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Definition
Pulse Palpation Perineial fluid Passage of a stomach tube Pain \ |
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Term
What are the clinical signs of endotoxoaeima? |
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Definition
Inappretance, colic, muscle fasiculations, Increased HR and RR, Pyrexia, brick red MM Progressive signs: Congested MM, dehydration, sweating, haemostatic disruption signs of organ failure |
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Term
What are some of the causes of DIC? |
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Definition
Damage of the endothelium on a large scale. Caused by: Endotox Viral infections Dirofilaris some neoplastic disorders Shock Haemolysis Externsive tissue necrosis local or systemic sepsis processes GI disorders Renal disease IMHA |
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Term
What are some of the clinical signs of laminitis? |
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Definition
Increased digital pulse, 'hot feet', sensitive to hoof testers, coranary band swelling, rocking or shifting weight, dropped sole, sunken coranary bamd. walking on heels, lifting feet excessivly high |
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