Term
| What body systems are involved in excretion? What is excreted from each? |
|
Definition
| urinary-urine, respiratory- carbon dioxide, digestive-feces, integumentary-sweat |
|
|
Term
| What are the jobs of the urinary system? |
|
Definition
| excrete metabolic wastes, regulates fluid, electrolytes and blood pH, and blood pressure, Produces hormones |
|
|
Term
| Hormone produced in the kidney and helps regulate calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone produced in the kidney that regulates RBC formation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microscopic filtering units of kidneys compoased of renal tubules and a blood supply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Called function units- make most of urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the nephron located? |
|
Definition
| Mostly in the renal cortex with some tubules extending into renal pyramids of medulla |
|
|
Term
| Filtration happens in what direction? |
|
Definition
| from the glomerulus to the Bowman's capsule |
|
|
Term
| Reabsorption happens in what direction? |
|
Definition
| from renal tubules to blood of peritubilar capillaries |
|
|
Term
| Secretion happens in what direction? |
|
Definition
| blood of peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules |
|
|
Term
| What 3 processes are required for urine formation? |
|
Definition
| filtration-> tubular reabsorption-> tubular secretion |
|
|
Term
| Fluid in capsular space is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Filtrate contains what substances that must be eliminated in the urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Filtrate contains what substances that must be kept? |
|
Definition
| water, organic nutrients and electrolytes |
|
|
Term
| What does RBF stand for? What is it? |
|
Definition
| renal blood flow- amount of blood flow through the kidneys in 1 minute. |
|
|
Term
| How much blood flows through the kidneys in 1 minute? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does GFR stand for? What is it? |
|
Definition
| Glomerular filtration rate- Amount of filtrate formed in one minute |
|
|
Term
| How much filtrate forms in 1 minute? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much RBF becomes filtrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most reabsorption takes place in the? |
|
Definition
| proximal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Solutes are reabsorbed by? |
|
Definition
| diffusion, active/co/counter transport, and pinocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how much of a substance (the good stuff) in mL the nephron can reabsorb in a minute. |
|
|
Term
| When Tm is exceeded, what happens? |
|
Definition
| substance shows up in the urine |
|
|
Term
| What does RT stand for? What is it? |
|
Definition
| Renal Threshold- the maximun blood concentration when a substance appears in the urine when Tm is exceeded. |
|
|
Term
| What could cause RT of glucose to be exceeded? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name some solutes that move from the blood of the nephron capillaries into the filtrate? Why? |
|
Definition
| potassium, ammonium, hydrogen and bicarbonate ions- regulates pH and electrolytes |
|
|
Term
| Each day we lose - how much water? Laregly through? |
|
Definition
| about as much as we gain- urine |
|
|
Term
| How much filtrate do we reabsorb in a day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much urine do we lose in a day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat are the 2 types of water reabsorption? |
|
Definition
| obligatory and facultative |
|
|
Term
| Where does obligatory water reabsorption happen in the body? |
|
Definition
| in the proximal convoluted tubule and descending loop of Henle |
|
|
Term
| Where does facultative water reabsorption take place in the body? |
|
Definition
| in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct |
|
|
Term
| Which type of water reabsorption is more constant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of water reabsorption is is controlled by hormones, particularly ADH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is ADH made and what secretes it? |
|
Definition
| made in the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary secretes it |
|
|
Term
| How much (%) is reabsorbed in the PCT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much (%) is reabsorbed in the descending limbs of Henle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much (%) is reabsorbed in the ascending limb of Henle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much (%) is reabsorbed in the DCT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much (%) is reabsorbed in the CD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When would our kidneys concentrate our urine? |
|
Definition
| when water loss exceeds water gain (dehydration) |
|
|
Term
| How does our kidneys concentrate our urine? |
|
Definition
| by increasing facultative water reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| When our urine is concentrated what does it look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When our urine is diluteded what does it look like? |
|
Definition
| lighter colored and more volume |
|
|
Term
| When would our kidneys dilute our urine? |
|
Definition
| when water gain exceeds water loss |
|
|
Term
| How does our kidneys dilute our urine? |
|
Definition
| decreasing facultative water reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| List the steps in concentration of urine. |
|
Definition
1. as water exceeds gain, hypothalamus stimulates ADH from posterior pituitary
2. ADH makes the cells of the DCT and CD more permeable to water
3. more water leaves DCT and CD and enters concentrated IF and blood of
pyramid
4. concentrated IF and blood take more water out of filtrate and concentrate the urine. |
|
|
Term
| What hormone increases salt reabsorption thus helping in urine concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the steps in dilution of urine. |
|
Definition
1. as water gain exceeds water loss hypothalamus stops secreting ADH
2. DCT and CD become less permeable to water
3. less water is reabsorbed
4. more water stays in filtrate and urine
5. adrenal cortex decreases aldosterone secretion, helps dilute urine
6. diluted urine |
|
|
Term
| Urine is composed of? (%'s) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the solutes in the urine? |
|
Definition
| electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the (4) characteristics of urine. |
|
Definition
| color, turbidity, specific gravity, and pH |
|
|
Term
| Cloudy urine- various causes such as infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is specific gravity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average pH? the range? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inflammation of the nephrons and kidney tubules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rapid or a progressive (chronic) loss of kidney function- many causes. |
|
Definition
| acute and chronic renal failure |
|
|
Term
| Artificial removal of wastes due to kidney failure. |
|
Definition
| hemodialysis (kidney dialysis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Incurable, kidney disease in which cysts form in kidney, and destroy it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collective term for sperm and egg |
|
|
Term
| Fertilization produces _______ cell called a __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collective term for testes and ovaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gonads produce ______________ and secrete _________ ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The testis contains compartments called? How many? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sperm formation is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seminiferous tubules contain sperm forming cells called? They become? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells that support sperm and secrete substances important to sperm formation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ ____________ are ______________ _______________cells between tubules secrete testosterone. |
|
Definition
| Leudig cells/interstitial cells |
|
|
Term
| Cell division to produce gametes is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each spermatocyte undergoes ______________, forms ______ sperm, each with ____ chromosomes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe what the sperm looks like and each part's role. |
|
Definition
1. head- contains DNA and enzymes for penetrating egg
2. Midpiece- contains mitochondria to form ATP
3. Tail- flagellum to move |
|
|
Term
| In the male- gonadotropin is secreted by the? into the? |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus/anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| Male hormones- Anterior pituitary secretes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Male hormones- FSH causes ________ _______ to secrete __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Male hormones-LH causes __________ _________ to secret ____________. |
|
Definition
| interstitial fluid/testosterone |
|
|
Term
| Male hormones-ATP and testosterone stimulate ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Male hormones is controlled by ____________ feedback. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seminal fluid in sperm comes from? |
|
Definition
| 60% seminal vesicles and 30% prostate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nutrients, clotting proteins and an antibiotic to protect sperm |
|
|
Term
| How much volume is a typical ejaculation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An erection is a ______________ reflex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What physically happens to cause an erection? |
|
Definition
| arterioles dilate->blood enters the penis compressing veins, penis engorged with blood |
|
|
Term
| Ejaculation is stimulated by the ______________ branch of the ANS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the jobs of estrogen? |
|
Definition
| growth and repair of uteran lining, regulation of monthly cycle, female sexual characteristics, maintenance of bones and muscles |
|
|
Term
| Potential egg cells are called? Egg cells are called? Process called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat are the stages of follicular development? |
|
Definition
1. Primordial follicle
2. Primary follicle
3. Secondary follicle
4. Mature Follicle |
|
|
Term
| After ovulation, empty follicale becomes a? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The corpus luteum secretes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| White scare left after corpus luteum degenerates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Up to 2 million oocytes are present at birth, 40,000 remain at puberty, but only about ______ mature in a woman's life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. growth of ovarian follicles.
2. matureation of oocyte
3. ovulation
4. growth of corpus luteum
5. secretion of hormones |
|
|
Term
| What hormone controls the female reproductive cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Female Hormones- GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone that controls monthly changes in the ovary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone that controls menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
| estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
Term
| Menstration phase is when? |
|
Definition
| first few days of a 28 day cycle |
|
|
Term
| Your menses is the endometrium discharging, caused by the decline in what hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the phases of the uterine (menstrual) cycle? |
|
Definition
1. Menstration
2. Proliferative
3. Secretory |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the proliferatory phase? |
|
Definition
| estrogen levels rise, endometrium grows |
|
|
Term
| WHat happens during secretory phase? |
|
Definition
| corpus luteum secretes progesterone, progesterone stimulates the endometrium to get thicker, increases blood supply there, growth of endometrial glands- endometrium is now able to support the embryo |
|
|
Term
| at the end of a woman's cycle, if there is no pregnancy, what happens? |
|
Definition
| higher levels of progesterone cause negative feedback, LH is inhibited, corpus luteum atrophies to corpus albicans, hormone levels decline, endometrium discharged |
|
|
Term
| LH normally maintains corpus luteum, but LH in pregnancy LH is inhibited by ______________ _______________ levels so therefore _____________ maintains it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The corpus luteum secretes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sperm reaches the oocyte in the ___________ of the uterine tube. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fertilization occurs how long after ovulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zygote reaches the uterus about _______ days after ovulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| human chorionic gonadotropin |
|
|
Term
| __________ takes the place of __________ in maintaining the corpus luteum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corpus luteum degenerates in the __________ month of pregnancy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the corpus luteum degenerates, what produces progesterone and estrogens and maintains the endometrium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Milk-secreting mammary glands are modified ___________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Milk goes through the mammary ducts into ____________ _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ _____________ suspend breast from fascia of pectoral muscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prolactin releasing hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PRH stimunlates anterior pituitary to secrete _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes milk production and secretion from mammary glands |
|
|
Term
| Nursing stimulates _______________ to produce _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxytocin is secreted from the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absence of menstration due to hormone imbalance, extreme weight loss or low body fat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pain associated with menstration, severe enough to prevent normal functioning, uterine tumors, ovarian cysts, endometriosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excessive amount of duration or intermenstraul, fibroid tumors or hormonal imbalance |
|
Definition
| abnormal uterine bleeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surgical removal of uterus |
|
|
Term
| Reasons for hysterectomy? |
|
Definition
| endometriosis, ovarian cysts, excessive bleeding, cancer of cervix, uterus or ovaries |
|
|
Term
| What is a complete hysterectomy? |
|
Definition
| removes uterus and cervix |
|
|
Term
| What is a radial hysterectomy? |
|
Definition
| removes uterus, tubes, ovaries, part of vagina, pelvic lymph nodes, and supporting ligaments |
|
|
Term
| Removal of prepuce? When? |
|
Definition
| circumcision/3-4 days after birth |
|
|
Term
| Why do they do circumcisions? |
|
Definition
| possibly lowers UTIs, cancer, and STDs |
|
|
Term
| Most common cancer in age group 20-35, begins as a problem with spermatogenic cells within the seminiferous tubules, sign is a mass within the testis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 inch long tunnel passing through the 3 muscles of the anterior abdominal wall. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| loop of intestin protruding through deep ring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| loop of intestine pushes through posterior wall of inguinal canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leading male cancer death |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prostate specific antigen |
|
|
Term
| Growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2nd leading cause of cancer death in US 1 in 8 women affected. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of gynecological deaths excluding breast cancer. Difficult to detect before metastasizes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Starts as cervical dysplasia (change in shape, growth, and number of cells). Detected in Pap smear. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacteria, asymptomatic, leads to sterility from scar tissue formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacteria, discharge common, blindness if newborn is infected during delivery. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacteria, painless sores, 2nd stage all organs involved, 3rd stage organ degeneration is apparent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| virus, incurable, painful blisters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| More ADH means less _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False. The function of the glomerulus is tubular reabsorption. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tubular reabsorption enables the kidney to keep vital substances such as glucose,amino acids, vitamins and electrolytes by transporting them from the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is considered a urinary waste product?
(A) glucose
(B) sodium chloride
(C) urea
(D) water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Turbid urine may be an indicator of a kidney infection.
(A) true
(B) false |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 65% of the filtrates water is recovered in the PCT by _________ reabsorption. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following are required for urine formation?
(A) glomerular filtration and tubular secretion only
(B) glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption only
(C) glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion
(D) tubular reabsorption only
(E) none of these |
|
Definition
| (C) glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion |
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements about tubular reabsorption and secretion is correct?
(A) Tubular reabsorption adds materials to the filtrate from the blood; tubular secretion removes substances from the filtrate into the blood.
(B) Tubular reabsorption adds materials to the filtrate from the blood; tubular secretion also adds materials to the filtrate from the blood.
(C) Tubular reabsorption removes substances from the filtrate into the blood;tubular secretion adds materials to the filtrate from the blood.
(D) Tubular reabsorption removes substances from the filtrate into the blood;tubular secretion also removes substances from the filtrate into the blood. |
|
Definition
| (C) Tubular reabsorption removes substances from the filtrate into the blood;tubular secretion adds materials to the filtrate from the blood. |
|
|
Term
The higher its specific gravity, the more dilute the urine.
(A) true
(B) false |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which tube transports filtrate down through the renal pyramid?
(A) urethra
(B) collecting duct
(C) glomerulus
(D) ureter
(E) none of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The major calyx drains urine into a larger space called ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bulbous structure that surrounds the glomerulus and receives filtrate from it is called the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urine drains from the ureters into the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give the name of the part of the kidney that contains most parts of the nephrons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the direction of tubular secretion? |
|
Definition
| It goes from the blood to the filtrate. |
|
|
Term
| A substance that causes increased urination (water loss) is called a? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which major layer of the kidney contains the renal pyramids and columns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The testes are located in the scrotum because __________________. |
|
Definition
| sperm production requires the testes to be cooler than body |
|
|
Term
Which of the following hormones stimulates the secretion of testosterone by
the interstitial cells of the testes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The neck of the human uterus is the __________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following hormones stimulates milk ejection (milk letdown)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| . The largest component of the seminal fluid is secreted by the ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tube passing through the corpus spongiosum is the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which follicle releases an egg (secondary oöcyte) during ovulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After ovulation the follicle becomes a ___________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the uterus is discharged during menses (menstruation)? |
|
Definition
| functional layer of endometrium |
|
|
Term
The seminiferous tubules and the interstitial cells are located in testicular
compartments called ______________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
At the base of the bladder, the male urethra is encircled by the
________________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ovulation occurs on approximately the ______ day of the menstrual cycle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the gonadotropic hormones acts on the supporting cells of the
seminiferous tubules to cause the secretion of ABP (Androgen Binding Protein)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What maintains the corpus luteum during the first part of pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| human chorionic gonadotropin |
|
|
