Term
|
Definition
total water content
overall osmolarity
concentration of specific solutes
elimination of nitrogenous wastes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of unwanted substances out of cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| general term of moving anything out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of substances into the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| applies to what was previously in the extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of forcing solution through a biological sieve |
|
|
Term
| osmotic concentrations that differ from the environment |
|
Definition
freshwater organisms
bony fish
**have to osmoregulate |
|
|
Term
| osmoconformers to their environment |
|
Definition
if body is isosmotic with seawater
typically show some kind of ions |
|
|
Term
| sharks (dealing with osmoregulation) |
|
Definition
isosmotic (ECF=seawater)
ions [Na+]300mOsm(unequal)seawater500mOsm |
|
|
Term
| sharks (influx and efflux) |
|
Definition
influx-water found in food and metabolism
efflux-water excreted through urine-->have rectal gland to excrete Na+ and Cl- |
|
|
Term
| sharks (important points) |
|
Definition
most NaCl influx is in gills
rectal gland excretes NaCl
most vertebrates cannot make urine
urine is highly concentrated |
|
|
Term
Ray-Finned Fish--Bony Fish
*in freshwater* |
|
Definition
water moves into fish by osmosis in gills
lose ions by diffusion
tons of water in the urine
little amount of ions in urine
*conserve ions, expel water* |
|
|
Term
Ray-Finned Fish--Bony Fish
*in seawater* |
|
Definition
drinks lots of water
produce as little urine as possible
*conserve water, expel ions* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ions can not be gained or lost by diffusion
water can not be gained or lost by osmosis |
|
|
Term
| general challenges for terrestrial animals |
|
Definition
reduce water loss--especially in hot habitats-->respiratory surfaces give more water loss
take in sufficient ions
eliminate nitrogenous water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
very dry--drinking is limited
bring in H2O with food and drinking
bring in ions through food
water and ion loss in urine |
|
|
Term
| Desert Tortoise (adaptation) |
|
Definition
internal respiratory structures
skin is resistant to water movement
low urine volumes (dont want to lose ions or water) |
|
|
Term
| Desert Tortoise (physical adaptations) |
|
Definition
scales with keratin--highly water resistant
lungs (internal)
formation of uric acid--forms so urine can hold other solutes--takes LOTS of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
keratin in skin--reduces water loss (use sweating or panting for cooling)
kidneys are capable of producing hyperosmotic urine--urea is main waste product and urine is more concentrated than body fluid |
|
|
Term
| Excretory System (2 approaches) |
|
Definition
secretion system: actively remove excess ions and water and wastes from extracellular fluid
filtration-reabsorption system: water and small solutes leave extracellular fluid by bulk flow, useful substances are reabsorbed into ECF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kidney-ureter-bladder-urethra |
|
|
Term
| nephron (bowman's capsule) |
|
Definition
| fluid leaks out of blood vessels into bowmans capsule through _______ |
|
|
Term
| nephron (proximal tubule) |
|
Definition
active transport system
reabsorbs water, glucose, and NaCl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
descending--permeable to water but not to solutes
ascending--permeable to salts but not to water
*end up with lower concentration due to active transports* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
if dehydrated: reabsorb water from urine through aquaporins--urine becomes more concentrated, less volume
if over-hydrated: less aquaporins so water doesnt reabsorb |
|
|
Term
| control of final urine volume |
|
Definition
| density of aquaporins in the collecting duct controlled by antidiuretic hormone by the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| less body water--higher ADH levels--higher density of aquaporins--higher water reabsorption--higher urine concentraton, less urine volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| higher body water--less ADH levels--lower density of aquaporins--less water reabsorbed--less urine concentration, greater volume of urine |
|
|
Term
| Distal Tubule (sodium control) |
|
Definition
| aldosterone: hormone that is produced when you have low sodium levels, causes reabsorption of sodium |
|
|
Term
| Xerotolerant Mammals(water available animals) |
|
Definition
deep renal medulla increases concentrating ability--longer loop of henle in dry environments
upper limit ~10,000 mOsm in pocket mice (~1,300 in humans) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animals need to bring oxygen from environemt to mitochondria and return CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
depends on:
pressure differential
viscosity-thickness
diameter of 'tubes'-larger tubes=greater flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
follows Fick's law
driven by partial pressure gradients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of a mixed gas
dissolved in a liquid
bound to a carrier |
|
|
Term
| partial pressure (mixed gas) |
|
Definition
| partial pressure=total pressure * fraction of gas mixture that is X |
|
|
Term
| partial pressure (liquid) |
|
Definition
| think of as an equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| partial pressure (carrier) |
|
Definition
influenced by carrier affinity
CO2 is more soluble in water than O2, so at a given partial pressure, more CO2 dissolves
carriers like hemoglobin increase effective solubility |
|
|
Term
| effects of body size and metabolic rate |
|
Definition
O2 delivery is generally limiting
gas exchange rate becomes problematic as body size increases so too does metabolic rate
solution--complex respiratory system |
|
|
Term
| aquatic respiration (simple gills) |
|
Definition
extensions of body surface
ventilation is passive (water movements from currents) |
|
|
Term
| aquatic respiration (complex gills) |
|
Definition
increased surface area (fractal like)
active, pumping ventilation--one-way flow
counter-current exchange between water and blood (results in nearly 100% extraction of O2 from water) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
easier to move water over external--flow water through system
no water loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
internal, allows less water loss
air is cheaper and easier to move internally than water-tidal ventilation
easier to support |
|
|
Term
| Tracheal Systems (insects) |
|
Definition
tube carriers to tissues
circulatory system doesnt move O2
driven by diffusion
spiracles can be close to lower water loss |
|
|
Term
| Tracheal Systems (vertebret lungs) |
|
Definition
large surface area
amphibians use positive pressure to contract to generate pressure
others use negative pressure-expansion=drop |
|
|
Term
| Tracheal Systems (mammalian lungs) |
|
Definition
trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli
capillaries cover alveoli
high elasticity-tendency of lungs to decrease in size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
flow through lungs that exchange gases but do not expand
air sacs expand but do not exchange gases
complex series of tubes
2 cycles to make it through the lungs |
|
|
