Term
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Definition
group of similarly specialized cells
associated to perform one or more functions
Ex. skin (warmth, keep water out), pancreas (maintain sugar levels in blood, help in digestion)
E |
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Term
| four types of animal tissues |
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Definition
| epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
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Term
| epithelial tissue (epithelium) (simple def.) |
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Definition
-not just skin
-continuous layer (sheet) of cells covering a body surface or lining a body cavity |
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Term
| functions of epithelial tissue |
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Definition
| protection, absorption, secretion, or sensation (depending where it is) |
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Term
| connective tissue (simple def.) |
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Definition
-relatively few cells separated by intercellular substance
-fibers scattered throughout a matrix
-contains specialized cells |
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Term
| 3 types of intercellular substance fibers |
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Definition
| collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers |
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Term
| 2 types of specialized cells in connective tissue |
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Definition
fibroblasts-make protein/carb complexes which make the fibers in matrix, help heal wounds
macrophages "body scavenger cells"-phagocytize things |
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Term
| functions of connective tissue |
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Definition
1) joins other body tissues
2) supports body and organs
3) protects underlying organs
Ex. bone |
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Term
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Definition
-consists of cells specialized to contract (only function)
-each cell is an elongated muscle fiber made up of contractile units (myofibrils) |
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Term
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Definition
| smooth, cardiac, skeletal (striated) |
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Term
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Definition
consists of neurons-elongated cells specialized for transmitting impulses
also consists of glial cells-support and nourish neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) squamous, cuboidal, columnar |
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Term
| 3 epithelial tussue structures |
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Definition
| simple, stratified, pseudostratified |
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Term
| simple squamous epithelium |
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Definition
-very thin
-lines blood vessels and air sacs in lungs
-permits exchange of materials by diffusion (oxygen, water, hormones)
Ex. cheek cells |
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Term
| simple cuboidal and columnar epithelia |
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Definition
-lines passageways
-specialized for secretion and absorption |
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Term
| stratified squamous epithelium |
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Definition
-forms outer layer of skin
-lines passageways into the body
-provides protection (due to many layers piled up) |
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Term
| pseudostratified epithelium |
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Definition
-looks like it is stacked directly but actually offset
-protects underlying tissues |
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Term
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Definition
-specialized epithelial tissue
Goblet cells-unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucus
Exocrine glands-secrete product through a duct onto exposed epithelial surface
Endocrine glands-release hormones into interstitial fluid or blood |
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Term
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Definition
-sheet of epithelial tissue
-layer of underlying connective tissue |
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Term
| 2 types of epithelial membrane |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -lines cavity that opens to outside of the body |
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Term
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Definition
-lines cavity that does not open to outside of body
Ex. some sinus, thorasic cavity |
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Term
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Definition
-cells embedded in intercellular substance
-microscopic collagen fibers, eleastic fibers, reticular fibers (thin branched fibers) scattered throughout a matrix (thin gel of polysaccharides)
**one exception to gel matrix-plasma(liquid matrix)
Ex of connective tissue: blood, bone |
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Term
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Definition
-consists of fibers running in various directions through a semifluid matrix (spaces b/w it)
-flexible tissue forms a covering for nerves, blood vessels, and muscles |
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Term
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Definition
-stronger, less flexible than loose connective tissue
-collagen fibers arranged in definite pattern
-forms tendons (connects muscles to bones) & ligaments (connects bones to bones) |
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Term
| Which type of dense connective tissue connects muscles to bones? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of dense connective tissue connects bones to bones? |
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Definition
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Term
| elastic connective tissue |
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Definition
-consists of bundles of parallel elastic fibers
-found in lung tissue & walls of large arteries (things subject to change in pressure) |
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Term
| What disease is the result of elastic connective tissue in lungs breaking down? |
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Definition
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Term
| reticular connective tissue |
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Definition
-consists of interlacing reticular fibers
-forms support framework for many organs |
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Term
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Definition
-a type of connective tissue
-consists of fat cells
-found w/loose connective tissue in subcutaneous tissue |
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Term
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Definition
-a type of connective tissue
-forms support skeleton in embryonic stage of vertebrates, later mostly replaced by bone
-but still found in some parts of the adult stage (tip of nose, external ear, ends of some bones)
-consists of chondrocytes(main cells)
-chondrocytes lie in small cavities in matrix called lacunae
-chondrocytes are nonvascular |
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Term
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Definition
-a type of connective tissue
-forms adult support skeleton in vertebrates
-consists of osteoclasts & osteoblasts, collectively called osteocytes
-osteocytes secrete and maintain body matrix
-are found in lacunae
-are vascular |
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Term
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Definition
-outer layer of compact bone surrounding a filling of spongy bone
-compact bone constists of osteons(spindle-shaped units containing arranged osteocytes within) |
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Term
| What role do calcium salts play in bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What role does collagen play in bone? |
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Definition
| prevents the body matrix from being overly brittle |
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Term
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Definition
-connective tissue
-circulating tissues with fluid intercellular substances
-help parts of an animal communicate with one another |
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Term
| skeletal muscle (striated) |
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Definition
-striated fibers of actin & myosin
-under voluntary control
-multinucleic
-elongated cylindrical fibers run parallel to each other
-skeletal muscles contract, move parts of the body |
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Term
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Definition
-striated
-contractions are involuntary
-one or two central nuclei
-elongated branched (vs. parallel) cylindrical fibers
-intercalated disks
-muscle contracts, heart pumps blood |
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Term
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Definition
-no striations
-contractions are involuntary
-elongated, spindle shaped fibers with single central nucleus
-moves body organs (Ex. pushes food through digestive tract)
-elongated, spindle shaped fibers |
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Term
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Definition
-elongated cell
-receives and transmits info but do not touch other neurons
-synapse (a junction between neurons)
-dendrites-receive signals & transmit signals to cell body, can be many of them
-axon-transmits signals away from cell body to other neurons, muscles, & glands, one 1, much longer than dendrites |
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Term
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Definition
-organs and tissue working together
-in mammals, 11 organ systems work together
-each organ system functions to maintain homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
| integumentary, skeletal, muscular, digestive, cardiovascular, immune (lymphatic), respiratory, urinary, nervous, endocrine, reprodcutive |
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Term
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Definition
| -balanced internal environment (steady state) |
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Term
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Definition
| control processes that maintain conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| -a change (stressor) in some steady state triggers a response that opposes the change |
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Term
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Definition
-a deviation form the steady state sets off a series of changes that intensify, rather than reverse, the changes
-do not maintain homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
process of maintaining body temperature within certain limits despite changes in surrounding temperature
-animals have different structural, behavioral, and physiological strategies |
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Term
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Definition
-body temp depends on temp of environment
-use behavioral strategies to adjust body temp
Ex. lizard basking in sun to raise body temp after being in cold water looking for food |
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Term
| costs and benefits of ectothermy |
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Definition
benefits: very little energy used to maintain the metabolic rate (b/c heat of sun is used instead), can survive on less food
costs: activity is limited by daily and seasonal temp conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| -have homeostatic mechanisms that regulate body temp w/in a narrow range |
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Term
| costs and benefits of endothermy |
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Definition
benefits: high metabolic rate, constant body temp allows higher rate of enzyme activity, can be active even in low winter temps
costs: high energy cost, much greater food requirements |
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Term
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Definition
| process of adjustment to seasonal changes |
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Term
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Definition
| adaptive hypothermia (in small endotherms when surrounding temp drops) |
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Term
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Definition
| long term torpor in response to winter cold |
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Term
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Definition
-torpor due to lack of food or water during summer heat
-tends to happen in water based animals
Ex. lungfish |
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