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Definition
-mother produces milk for their young -parental care is most advanced -brain greatly advanced over reptiles and birds. -cerebrum and cerebellum are greatly enlarged |
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Anatomical Characteristics of Mammals skin, body, and skeletal |
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Definition
-skin is rich in sweat glands (sweat, sebaceous, mammary) -four regions of the body (head, neck, body, tail) -most are quadrupeds (except cetacea=whales and dolphins, and sirenia=seacow) -presence of hair (except whales, hippopotamus, elephant, rhino, etc.) -skeletal differences from lower vertebrates *epiphyses---limit final growth *attachment of skull and mandible *mammals are the only animals with teeth set in sockets (except for crocodile) |
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Anatomical Characteristics of Mammals (inner body, organs, feeding habits, reproduction) |
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Definition
-presence of a muscular diaphragm=important for breathing -lungs hang freely in cavity of chest -homeothermic=about 99 degrees F - i.e. in humans -Non-nucleated RBC -some are carnivores -some are herbivores -some are omnivores -VIVIPAROUS -ova are small and yokeless, *except in Monotremata |
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Definition
-oviparous -duck-billed platypus -spiny anteater |
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-young attached by primitive placenta -short gestation, then continue "gestation" in the marsupium (pouch) -about 280 species -Joey by hand, one in pouch, one in uterus |
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Definition
the time from fertilization to birthing |
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Definition
-camouflage -insulation -protection (abrasion, sunburn) -sensory organs -communication *announce presence *communicate social information *gender |
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Definition
-True Placental Animals -all other mammals (about 4,300 species) -young attached to mother by a complicated placenta -gestation lasting from a few weeks (rodents) to 22-24 months (elephants) |
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Definition
-tissue develops from embryo -tissue is parallel to uterine wall -vascular systems are side-by-side so nutrients and washes transport across -developing fetus is somewhat protected |
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Definition
-most are terrestrial -some are burrowers -some are arboreal -some are acquatic -some fly -some are diurnal -some are nocturnal |
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Definition
Walking and running Plantigrade = bear, human, etc= walking on sole of foot Digitigrade (cat, dog, etc)= walks on toes Unguligrade (hooved animals)=walks on hooves
Leaping--rabbits, hares, gerbils Climbing--squirrels, monkeys swimming paddle with limbs = volves, platypus, dogs, humans, etc use tail = otters, beavers, etc tail only = whales, dolphins, etc
parachuting-- some marsupials, rodents and insectivores flying--bats, flying foxes
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Term
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Definition
- Monotremata Platypus, spiny anteater- Marsupilia Kangaroo, opossum- Insectivora Mole, shrew, hedgehog- Rodentia Rat, mouse, squirrel- Lagomorpha Rabbits, hares- Carnivore Cat, dog, fox, ferret- Ungulate Deer, giraffe, goat, sheep, cattle, horse- Primate Monkey, ape, man |
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Rodents (feed, young, reproduction) |
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Definition
most will feed on seeds or alfalfa pellets teeth need to be worn down young are 'pups' and most are altricial most have very short reproductive cycles and gestation periods
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Definition
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Definition
Club in England since 1800 First club in US in 1950 Mouse shows are divided into 7 varieties based on coat type and 5 sections based on color Clubs in IL, MI, maybe WI
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Definition
Same family as hamsters native to deserts of Asia, Africa, Europe pets are usually Mongolian gerbils hop around like kangaroo desert animals, so drink very little water very little odor nocturnal can be left alone up to a week short-lived reproductive life often ends quickly seizures are fairly common (20-40%)
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Definition
short-tailed gerbils (sort of) most pets are Golden (syrian) hamsters have internal cheek pouches which they stuff with food generally dont get along with other hamsters two males MAY be able to live together two females will usually fight male and female will get along for mating, then fight
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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need to be kept above 32 degrees differences in reproduction Sows need to be mated before 6 months or not at all Housing Feeding
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Term
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Definition
Bushy tail like squirrel known for their soft fur native to Andes Mountains need to be kept cool often are nervous, though some can be calm need a bath every few days reproduction inbreeding has caused some problems
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Term
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Definition
-Puberty: The period during which secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained -long bone growth stops (epiphyses closes under influence of estrogen) |
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Term
Reproduction in Rat and Mouse |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Rats and mice are polyestrus
- cycle from puberty until senescence
- average length of cycle is 4-5 days
- able to be mated and multiply quickly
The estrus cycle is divided into four cycles: proestrus, estrus, metestrus & diestrus |
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Term
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Definition
- FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) level increases
- FSH is from the anterior pituitary gland
- some follicles begin to grow and mature
- stimulated follicles produce estrogen
- estrogen produces secondary sexual development
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Term
Estrus--- sexual receptivity (12-24 hours)--- caused by estrogen (in heat) |
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Definition
- FSH and estrogen levels high
- Progesterone level is low
- Only time female will accept male
- Surge of LH (lutenizing {turning yellow} hormone) occurs
- LH is also from the anterior pituitary gland
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Term
Metestrus--- ovulation (12hours) {most animals reproduce spontaneous} |
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Definition
- follicle opens and releases ovum
- rats and mice are spontaneous ovulators
- contrast to induced ovulators?
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Term
Diestrus--period before next proestrus (2 days) |
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Definition
- corpus luteum (CL) forms in raptured follicle
- progesterone (stops further reproduction cycle) level is high (secreted by CL)
- If no pregnancy, CL regresses and new cycle begins
- Prostaglandin causes CL regression
THERE ARE CYCLIC CHANGES IN VAGINAL EPITHELIUM DURING THE CYCLE OF RODENTS |
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Term
Copulaton and Mating Behavior of Mice |
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Definition
- Nocturnal Breeders
- Many intromissions before ejaculation
- spontaneous ovulators vs induced
- May mate 12-20 times in a 12-hour period
- If there is an infertile mating pseudopregnancy may last 13-16 days
- a 2year old mouse or 3yr old rat is quite old
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Term
Gestation and Parturition |
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Definition
- Mouse 19-21 days; Rat 21-23 days
- No cyclic changes in vaginal epithelium during pregnancy
- Changes in mammary gland apparent after 14 days of pregnancy -- not important
- Fetuses can be palpated through the abdominal wall
- Mucous and blood discharge from vagina 1-4 hours before partuirtion--- giving birth
- parturition comeplete in four hours---pupping (birthing)
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Term
Postpartum and Lactation Rats and mice |
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Definition
an immediate postpartum estrus in mice and rats (willing to be mated right away) lactation for three weeks Average little size in mice is 4-7 and rats 6-10 young can be sexed by distance between the anus and the genital papilla. Male 2x
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- average of 28 days (range 21-35) - day 1 (first day of menstrual flow) - follicular phase days (1-13) - day 14 ovulation (LH) - day 14-15 fertilization - egg picked up by fimbria of fallopian tube - day 20 implantation - day 14-28 luteal phase (progesterone) |
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Term
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Definition
produced by cells in the follicle necessary for development of secondary sex characteristics in the female stimulates estrus (heat) positive and negative feedback
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Term
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Definition
-produced in the pituitary -acts on the ovary to stimulate growth of follicles |
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Term
Hormones (LH) Luteinizing Hormone |
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Definition
-produced by pituitary -stimulates sex steroid hormone production -causes ovulation |
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Term
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Definition
-produced by corpus luteum -acts at the pituitary to block the LH surge thus preventing ovulation -maintains pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
-destroys the corpus luteum -stimulates production of relaxin |
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Term
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Definition
-produced by the posterior pituitary -causes uterine contractions |
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Term
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Definition
-relaxes the cervix, pelvic bones -blood level increase prior to the onset of labor |
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Term
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Definition
-stimulates milk release -initiates milk secretion after parturition -stimulates maternal behavior |
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Term
Rabbits and Hares order family |
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Definition
-order=lagomorpha -family=leporidae -characterized by large front teeth, but with small teeth behind the uppers |
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